Boy Scouts of America – The Official Handbook for Boys, 1911 (book)

BOY SCOUTS of AMERICA THE OFFICIAL HANDBOOK FOR BOYS THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA 500 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK G?.vr,? Crr? N,?w Yo?x DOUBLEDAY. PAGE & COMPANY ,? ,

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COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY
BYS SCOUTS OF AMERICA

BOY SCOUT CERTIFICATE

This is to c?tif?, that ................................. of ............................... State of .............. Street and City or Town address Age ............ Height ............. Weight ............. is a member of ............... Patrol, of Troop No ........ Scout Master SCOUT HISTORY Qualified as Tenderfoot ......................... ,.. x9x.. Second Class Scout ...... I9I.. First Class Scout ...... x9x. QUALIFIED FOR MERIT BAD?3ES DATE Qualified as Life Scout ................... Qualified as Star Scout ................... Qualified as Eagle Scout .................. Awarded Honor Medal.. .)

PREFACE

The Boy Scout Movement has become almost universal, and wherever organized its leaders are glad, as We are, to acknowledge the debt we all owe to Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert S.S. Baden-Powell, who has done so much to make the movement of interest to boys of all nations.

The BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA is a corporation formed by a group of men who are anxious that the boys of America should come under the influence of this movement and be built up in all that goes to make character and good citizenship. The affairs of the organization are managed by a National Council, composed of some of the most prominent men of our country, who gladly and freely give their time and money that this purpose may be accomplished.

In the various cities, towns, and villages the welfare of the boy scouts is cared for by local councils, and these councils, like the National Council, are composed of men who are seeking for the boys of the community the very best things.

In order that the work of the boy scouts throughout America may be uniform and intelligent, the National Council has prepared its “Official Handbook”, the purpose of which is to furnish to the patrols of the boy scouts advice in practical methods, as well as inspiring information.

The work of preparing this handbook has enlisted the services of men eminently fitted for such work, for each is an expert in his own department, and the Editorial Board feels that the organization is to be congratulated in that such men have been found willing to give their time and ripe experience to this movement. It would be impossible adequately to thank all who by advice and friendly criticism have helped in the preparation of the book, or even to mention their names, but to the authors whose names are attached to the various chapters we acknowledge an espedal obligation. Without their friendly help this book could not be. We wish especially to express our appreciation of the helpful suggestions made by Daniel Carter Beard.

We have carefully examined and approved all the material which goes to make up the manual, and have tried to makeit as complete as possible; nevertheless, no one can be more conscious than we are of the difficulty of providing a book which will meet all the demands of such widely scattered patrols with such varied interests. We have constantly kept in mind the evils that confront the boys of our country and have struck at them by fostering better things. Our hope is that the information needed for successful work with boy scouts will be found within the pages of this book.

In these pages and throughout our organization we have made it obligatory upon our scouts that they cultivate courage, loyalty, patriotism, brotherliness, self-control, courtesy, kindness to animals, usefulness, cheerfulness, cleanliness, thrift, purity and honor. No one can doubt that with such training added to his native gifts the American boy will in the near future, as a man, be an efficient leader in the paths of civilization and peace.

It has been deemed wise to publish all material especially for the aid of scout masters in a separate volume to be known as “The Scout Masters’ Manual.”

We send out our “Official Handbook”, therefore, with the earnest wish that many boys may find in it new methods for the proper use of their leisure time and fresh inspiration in their efforts to make their hours of recreation contribute to strong; noble manhood in the days to come.

THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA

William D. Murray
George D. Pratt	Editorial Board.
A. A. Jameson

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL

BOY SCOUTS_OF AMERICA

THE FIFTH AVENUE BUILDING, 200 FIFTH AVENUE

NEW YORK CITY

Honorary President	THE HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT
Honorary Vice-President	Colonel THEODORE ROOSEVELT
President	COLIN H. LIVINGSTONE, Washington, D.C.
Vice-President	B. L. DULANEY, Bristol, Tenn.
Vice-President	MILTON A. McRAE, Detroit, Mich.
Vice-President	DAVID STARR JORDAN, Stanford, Cal.
Chief Scout	ERNEST THOMPSON SETON, Cos Cob, Conn.
National Scout Commissioner,	DANIEL CARTER BEARD, Flushing, L.I., N.Y.
National Scout Commissioner,	Adj.-Gen. WILLIAM VERBECK, Albany, N.Y.
National Scout Commissioner,	Colonel PETER S. BOMUS, New York City
Treasurer	GEORGE D. PRATT, Brooklyn, N.Y.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

Colin H. Livingstone, Chairman
Daniel Carter Beard	Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks	Edgar M. Robinson
Col. Peter S. Bomus	Milton A. McRae	Mortimer L. Schiff
B. L. Dulaney	William D. Murray	Ernest Thompson Seton
Hon. Robt. H. Garrett	George D. Porter	Lorillard Spencer
Lee F. Hanmer	George D. Pratt	Seth Sprague Terry
George W. Hinckley	Frank Presbrey	Adj.-Gen. William Verbeck
		John Sherman Hoyt
James E. West, Executive Secretary

MEMBERS OF NATIONAL COUNCIL

Charles Conrad Abbott	Clifford W. Barnes,
Arthur Adams,	Daniel Carter Beard,
Dr. Felix Adler,	Henry M. Beardsley,
Harry A. Allison]],	Martin Behrman,
Henry Morrell Atkinson,	August Belmont,
B. N. Baker,	Ernest P. Bicknell,
Ray Stannard Baker,	Edward Bok,
Evelyn Briggs Baldwin,	Colonel Peter S. Bomus

Officers and Members of National Council
Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte,	Hamlin Garland,
William D. Boyce,	Robert Garrett,
H. S. Braucher,	William H. Gay,
Roelifh Brinkerhoff,	Bishop David H. Greer,
Dr. Elmer E. Brown,	Jesse A. Gregg,
Luther Burbank,	George B. Grinnell,
Dr. Richard C. Cabot,	S. R. Guggenheim,
Rev. S. Parkes Cadman,	Luther Halsey Gulick, M.D.,
Arthur A. Carey,	Dr. G. Stanley Hall,
E. C. Carter,	Dr. Winfield Scott Hall,
Richard B. Carter,	Lee F. Hahnmer,
W. D. Champlin,	Dr. Hastings H. Hart,
Thomas Chew,	Hon. W. M. Hays,
Winston Churchill,	Prof. C. R. Henderson,
P. P. Claxton,	Clark W. Hetherington,
Randall J. Condon,	George W. Hinckley,
C. M. Connolly,	Allen Hoben,
Ernest K. Coulter,	Hon. R. P. Hobson,
Dr. C. Ward Crampton,	Rev. R. W. Hogue,
George H. Dalrymple,	John Sherman Hoyt,
Dr. George S. Davis,	C. R. H. Jackson,
E. B. DeGroot,	Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks,
Judge William H. De Lacy,	G. E. Johnson,
William C. Demorest,	Dr. David Starr Jordan,
Dr. Edward T. Devine,	Mayor William S. Jordan,
Admiral George Dewey,	Otto Herman Kahn,
Gov. John A. Dix,	Dr. William J. Kerby,
Myron E. Douglas,	Charles H. Kip,
Benjamin L. Dulaney,	Gustavus T. Kirby,
Hon. T. C. Du Pont,	Dr. J. H. Kirkland,
Dr. George W. Ehler,	Judge Henry E. Klamroth,
Griffith Ogden Ellis,	Rev. Walter Laidlaw,
Robert Erskine Ely,	Charles R. Lamb,
Henry P. Emerson,	Joseph Lee,
Hon. John J. Esch,	Samuel McC. Lindsay,
J. W. Everman,	Judge Ben B. Lindsey,
Eberhard Faber,	Colin H. Livingstone,
Dr. George J. Fisher,	Col. Frank L. Locke,
Horace Fletcher,	Hon. Nicholas Longworth,
Homer Folks,	Hon. Frank O. Lowden,
Dr. William Byron Forbush,	Major Charles Lynch,
Dr. Lee K. Frankel,	Hon. Lee McClung,
Robert Ives Gammell,	William McCormick,
Hon. James R. Garfield,	Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland.

J. Horace McFarland, C. W. McKee, Hon. William B. McKinley, J. S. McLain, Francis H. McLean, Milton A. McRae, Charles G. Maphis, George W. Marston, Edgar S. Martin, Frank S. Mason, Frank Lincoln Masseck, Dr. William H. Maxwell, Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles, John F. Moore, Arthur C. Moses, William D. Murray, Hon. F. H. Newell, Dr. Cyrus Northrop, Frank W. Ober, Hon. C. S. Page, G. A. Parker, Dr. C. H. Parkhurst, Hon. Herbert Parsons, Hon. Gifford Pinchot, David R. Porter, George D. Porter, Perry Edwards Powell, Frederic B. Pratt, George D. Pratt, Frank Presbrey, G. Barrett Rich, Jr. Jacob A. Riis, Clarence C. Robinson, Edgar M. Robinson, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Lincoln E. Rowley, Oliver J. Sands, Dr. D. A. Sargent, Henry B. Sawyer, Mortimer L. Schiff, Charles Scribner, George L. Sehon, Rear Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge,

Jefferson Seligman, Jesse Seligman, Ernest Thompson Seton, Samuel Shuman, Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee, William F. Slocum, Fred. B. Smith, Hon. George Otis Smith, Judge William H. Staake, Hon. Adlai Stevenson, Andrew Stevenson, A. E. Stilwell, C. H. Stoddard, Rev. John Timothy Stone, D.D. Lyman Beecher Stowe, Isidor Straus, Hon. Oscar S. Straus, Josiah Strong, Hon. William H. Taft, Edward K. Taylor, Graham Romeyn Taylor, Judge Harry L. Taylor, William L. Terhune, Seth Sprague Terry, John E. Thayer, Rev. James I. Vance, Dr. Henry Van Dyke, Adj. Gen. William Verbeck, John Wanamaker, Henry L. Ward, Lucien T. Warner, Richard Benedict Watrous, Rear Admiral J. C. Watson, W. D. Weatherford, Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Eli Whitney, Mornay Williams, Gen. George W. Wingate, A. E. Winship, Henry Rogers Winthrop, Major-Gen. Leonard Wood, Major Andrew C. Zabriskie,== A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF SCOUT ==

To the Boy Scouts of America:

There was once a boy who lived in a region of rough farms. He was wild with the love of the green outdoors – the trees, the tree-top singers, the wood-herbs and the live things that left their nightly tracks in the mud by his spring well. He wished so much to know them and learn about them, he would have given almost any price in his gift to know the name of this or that wonderful bird, or brilliant flower; he used to tremble with excitement and intensity of interest when some new bird was seen, or when some strange song came from the trees to thrill him with its power or vex him with its mystery, and he had a sad sense of lost opportunity when it flew away leaving him dark as ever. But he was alone and helpless, he had neither book nor friend to guide him, and he grew up with a kind of knowledge hunger in his heart that gnawed without ceasing. But this also it did: It inspired him with the hope that some day he might be the means of saving others from this sort of torment – he would aim to furnish to them what had been denied to himself.

There were other things in the green and living world that had a binding charm for him. He wanted to learn to camp out, to live again the life of his hunter grandfather who knew all the tricks of winning comfort from the relentless wilderness – the foster-mother so rude to those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart.

And he had yet another hankering – he loved the touch of romance. When he first found Fenimore Cooper’s books, he drank them in as one parched might drink at a spring. He reveled in the tales of courage and heroic deeds, he gloated over records of their trailing and scouting by red man and white; he gloried in their woodcraft, and lived it all in imagination, secretly blaming the writer, a little, for praising without describing it so it could be followed. “Some day”, he said, “I shall put it all down for other boys to learn”.

As years went by he found that there were books about most of the things he wished to know, the stars, the birds, the quadrupeds,the fish, the insects, the plants, telling their names, their hidden power or curious ways, about the camper’s life, the language of signs, and even some of the secrets of the trail. But they were very expensive and a whole library would be needed to cover the ground. What he wanted – what every boy wants – is a handbook giving the broad facts as one sees them in the week-end hike, the open-air life. He did not want to know the trees as a botanist, but as a forester; nor the stars as an astronomer, but as a traveler. His interest in the animals was less that of an anatomist than of a hunter and camper, and his craving for light on the insects was one to be met by a popular book on bugs, rather than by a learned treatise on entomology.

So knowing the want he made many attempts to gather the simple facts together exactly to meet the need of other boys of like ideas, and finding it a mighty task he gladly enlisted the help of men who had lived and felt as he did.

Young Scouts of America, that boy is writing to you now. He thought himself peculiar in those days. He knows now he was simply a normal boy with the interests and desires of all normal boys, some of them a little deeper rooted and more lasting perhaps – and all the things that he loved and wished to learn have now part in the big broad work we call Scouting.

“Scout” used to mean the one on watch for the rest. We have widened the word a little. We have made it fit the town as well as the wilderness and suited it to peace time instead of war. We have made the scout an expert in Life-craft as well as Wood-craft, for he is trained in the things of the heart as well as head and hand. Scouting we have made to cover riding, swimming, tramping, trailing, photography, first aid, camping, handicraft, loyalty, obedience, courtesy, thrift, courage, and kindness.

Do these things appeal to you? Do you love the woods? Do you wish to learn the trees as the forester knows them? And the stars, not as an astronomer, but as a traveler?

Do you wish to have all-round, well-developed muscles, not those of a great athlete, but those of a sound body that will not fail you? Would you like to be an expert camper who can always make himself comfortable out of doors, and a swimmer that fears no waters? Do you desire the knowledge to help the wounded quickly, and to make yourself cool and self-reliant in an emergency?

Do you believe in loyalty, courage, and kindness? Wouldyou like to form habits that will surely make your success in life?

Then, whether you be farm boy or shoe clerk, newsboy or millionaire’s son, your place is in our ranks, for these are the thoughts in scouting; it will help you to do better work with your pigs, your shoes, your papers, or your dollars; it will give you new pleasures in life; it will teach you so much of the out-door world that you wish to know; and this Handbook, the work of many men, each a leader in his field, is their best effort to show you the way. This is, indeed, the book that I so longed for, in those far-off days when I wandered, heart hungry in the woods.

Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout.

Headquarters Boy Scouts of America, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

June 1, 1911.== CONTENTS ==

	page
Boy Scout Certificate		iii
Preface		v
Officers and Members of the National Council		vii
CHAPTER I.
Scoutcraft		3
Aim of Scout Movement	John L. Alexander
What Scouting Means
Scout Virtues
The Boy Scout Organization	Special Committee
Scout Oath
Scout Law
Tenderfoot, Second Class, and Forst Class Scout Requirements
Basged, Awards, and Equipment
Knots Every Scout Should Know	Samuel A. Moffat
CHAPTER II.
Woodcraft		57
Woodlore	Ernest Thompson Seton
Birdcraft	National Association Audubon Societies
Shells and Shellfish	Dr. Win. Healey Dall
Reptiles	Dr. Leonhard Stejneger
Insects and Butterflies	United States Bureau of Entomology
Fishes ans Angling	Dr. Hugh M. Smith
Aquarium	Dr. Wm. Leland Stowell
Rocks and Pebbles	United States Geological Survey
Flowers, Ferns and Grasses	Dr. L. C. Corbett
Mushrooms, Fungi or Toadstools	Ernest Thompson Seton
Common North American Trees
Native Wild Animals
CHAPTER III.
Campcraft		145
Hiking and Over-Night Camps	H. W. Gibson
Tent Making Made Easy	H.J. Holden
An Open Outing Tent	Warren H. Miller
Canoeing, Rowing, and Sailing	Special Committee	|-	CHAPTER IV.
Tracks, Trailing, and Signaling	Ernest Thompson Seton	187
CHAPTER V.
Health and Endurance	George J. Fisher, M.D.	219
CHAPTER VI.
Chivalry	John L. Alexander	237
CHAPTER VII.
First Aid and Life Saving	Major Charles Lynch	255
Water Accidents	Wilbert E. Longfellow
CHAPTER VIII.
Games and Athletic Standards		291
Indoor And Outdoor Games	Ernest Thompson Seton
Athletic Standards	Special Committee
CHAPTER IX.
Patriotism and Citizenship	Waldo H. Sherman	323
Practical Citizenship	Col. Theodore Roosevelt
APPENDIX.
Equipment		359
Books and Reference		369
Index		393
Advertisements		405

HANDBOOK FOR BOYCHAPTER !

SCOUTCRAVr This chapter is the result of the work of the Con?itt? on Scout Oath, Scout Law, Tenderfoot, Sexond-class and First. doss Requironents; the Committee on Badges, Awards, and Equipment; the Committee on Pernument Orga#isation and Field Sa?', and John L. Alexander and Samuel A. Moffat. Aim of the Scout Movement By John L. Alexafider, Boy Scouts of America The aim of the Boy Scouts is to supplement the various exist- ing educational agencies, and to promote the ability in boys to do things for themselves and others. It is not the aim to set up a new organization to parallel in its purposes others already established. The opportunity is afforded these organizations, however, to introduce into their programs unique features appealing to interests which are universal among boys. The method is summed up in the term Scoutcraft, and is a combination of observation, deduction, and handiness, or the ability to do things. Scoutcraft includes instruction in First Aid, Life Saving, Tracking, Signaling, Cycling, Nature Study, Seamanship, Campcraft, Woodcraft, Chivalry, Patriotism, and other subjects. This is accomplished in games and team play, and is pleasure, not work, for the boy. All that is needed is the out-of-doors, a group of boys, and a competent leader. What Scouting Means In all ages there have been scouts, the place of the scout being on the danger line of the army or at the outposts, protecting those of his company who confide in his care. The army scout was the soldier who was chosen out o, all the .army to go out on the skirmish line. - The' pioneer, who was out on the edge of th9?wilde4'ness, Digitized by ?,?00? [C4 BoY Scouts guarding the men, women, and children in the stockade, was also a scout. Should he fall asleep, or lose control of his faculties, or fail on his watch, then the lives of the men, women, and children paid the fodeit, and the scout lost his honor. But there'have'been other kinds of scouts besides war scouts and frontier scouts. They have been the men of all ages who have gone out on new and strange adventures, and through their work have benefited the people of the earth. Thus, Columbus discovered America, the Pilgrim Fathers founded New Er/gland, the early English settlers colonized Jamestown, and the Dutch built up New York. In the same way the hardy Scotch- Irish pushed west and made a new home for the American people beyond the Alleghanies and the Rockies. These peace scouts had to be as well prepared as any war scouts. They had to know scoutcraft. They ? to know how to live in the ?voods, and be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret the meaning of the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and men. They had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong, to face any danger that came their way, and to help one another. These scouts of old were accustomed to take chances wi.'th death and they did not hesitate to give up their lives in helping their comrades or country. In fa.et, they left every- thing behind them, comfort and peace, in order to push forward into the wilderness beyond. And much of this they did be- eatme they felt it to be their duty. These little-known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by going back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the knights of King Arthur, of the Crusaders, and of t?e great explorers and navigators of the worM. Wherever there have been heroes, there have been scouts, 'and to be a scout means to be prepared to do the fight thin E at the right moment, no matter what the consequences h;ay for aevement in big ngs the prepag of one's self for doing the big things m by going into training and doing the little things well. It was this characteristic of Living- stone, the great explorer, that made him what he wasp and that has marked the career of all good scouts. To be a good scout one should know something about the woods and the animals that inhabit theme,?,t?dby?5ot?l?-e for one's self when camping.Scoutcraft 5 The habits of animals can be studied by stalking them and watching them in their native haunts. The scout should never kill an animal or other living crea- ture needlessly. There is more sport in stalking animals to photograph them, and in coming to know their habits than in hunting to kill. But woodcraft means more than this. It means not only the following of tracks and other signs, but it means to be able to read them. To tell how fast the animal which made the tracks was going; to tell whether he was frightened, suspicious, or otherwise. Woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way, no matter where he is. It teaches him the various kinds of wild fruit? Scout Stalking roots, nuts, etc., which are good for food, or are the favorite food of animals. By woodcraft a scout may learn a great number of things. He may be able to tell whether the tracks were made by an animal or by man, bicycle, automobile or other vehicle. By having his power of observation trained he can tell by very slight signs, such as the sudden flying of birds, that some one is moving very near him though he may ?z?b? the person.6 Boy Scouts Through woodcraft, then, a boy may train his eye, and be able to observe things that otherwise would pass unnoticed. In this way he may be able to save animals from pain, as a horse h'om an ill-fitting harness. He may also be able to see little things which may give him the dew to great things and so be able to prevent harm and crime. Torture (Note lke ke?k or bearing-rein) Comfort Besides woodcraft one must know something of camp ilfe. One of the chid characteristics of the scout is to be able to live in the open, know how to put up tents, build huts, throw up a lean-to for shelter, or make a dugout in the ground, how to build a fire, how to procure and cook food, how to bind logs together so as to construct bridges and rafts, and how to find his way by night as well as by day in a strange country. Living ha the open in this way, and m?ing friends of the trees, the streams, the mountains, and the stars, gives a scout a great Camp loom, for maki%e mats and n?ttresses deal of confidence and makes him love the natural life around him, To be able to tell the difference between the trees by their barkand leaves is a source of pleasure; to?be?abl?e aScoutcraft 7 bed out of rough timber, or weave a mattress or mat out of grass to sleep on is a joy. And all of these things a good scout should know. Then too, a good scout must be chivalrous. That is, he should be as manly as the knights or pioneers of old. He should be unselfish. He should show courage. He must do his duty. He should show benevolence and thrift. He should be loyal to his country. He should be obedient to his parents, and show respect to those who are his superiors. He should be very courteous to women. One of his obligations is to do a good turn every day to some one. He should be cheerful and seek self-improvement, and should make a career for himself. All these things were characteristics of the old-t/me American scouts and of the l?ing Arthur knights. Their honor was s?cred. They were courteous and polite to women and children, es- pe?'?!ly to the aged, protected the weak, and helped others to live better. They taught themselves to be strong, so as to be able to protect their country against enemies. They kept themselves strong and healthy, so that they might be peepared to do all of these things at a moment's notice, and do them well. So the boy scout of to-d?y must be chivalrous, numly, and gentlemanly. When he gets up in the morning he may fie a knot in h/s necktie, and leave the necktie outside his vest until he has done a good turn. Another way to remind himself is towear his scout badge reversed until he has done his good turn. The good turn may not be a very bigthing--help an old lady across the street; remove a banana skin from the pavement so that people may not fall; remove from streets or roads broken glass, dangerous to automobile or bicycle tires; give water to a thirsty horse; or deeds similar to these. The scout also ought to know how to save life. He ought to be able to mal?e a stretcher; to throw a rope to a drowning person; to drag an unconsdous person from a burning building, and to resuscitate a person overcome by gas fumes. He ought also to know the method of stopping runaway horses, and he should have the presence of mind and the skill to calm a panic and deal with street and other accidents. This means also that a boy scout must always be in the pink of condition. A boy cannot do things like these unless he is healthy and strong. Therefore, he must be systematically taking exercise, playing gsanes, running, and walking. It means that he must sleep enough hours to give him the neeessary?strengt. h, and if possible ,to sleep very much in the oI?e?bgr?d?L?8 Boy Scouts with the windows of. his bedroom open both summer and winter. It means also that he should t?ke a cold bath often, rubbing dry with a rough towel. He should breathe through the nose and not through the mouth. He should at all .times train' him- self to endure hardships. In addition to these the scout should be a lover of his country., He should know his country. How many states there are in it, wlmt are its natural resources, scope, and boun- daries. He ought to know something of its history, its early settiers, and of the great deeds that won his land. How they settied along the banks of the James River, How Philadelphia, New York, and other great cities were founded. How the Pilgrim Fathers established New Englahd and laid the founda- tion for our national life. How the scouts of the Middie West saved all that great section of the country for the Republic. He ought to know bow Texas became part of the United States, and how our national heroes stretched out their hands, north and south, east and west, to make one great united country. He ought to know the history of the important wars. He ought to know about our army and navy flags and the insignia of rank of our officers. He ought to know the kind of govern- ment he lives under, and what it means to live in a republic. He ought to know what is expected of him as a citizen of his state and nation, and what to do to help the people among whom he lives. In .short, to be a good scout is to be a well-developed, well- informed boy. Scout Virtues There are other things which a scout ought to know and which should be characteristic of him, if he is going to be the kind of scout for which the Boy Scouts of America stand. One of these is obedience. To be a good scout a boy must learn to obey the orders of his patrol leader, scout master, and scout commissioner. He must learn to obey, before he is able to command. He should so learn to discipline and control himself that he will have no thought but to obey the Orders of his officers. He should keep such a strong' grip on. his own ?life that he will not allow himself to do anything which is ignoblei or which will harm his life or weaken his powers of e?durance. AnoLher virtue ot a scout is that of cou?y (?[?outScoutcraft 9 ought to have a command of polite language. He ought to show that he is a true genfieman by doing little things for others. Loyalty is ? a scout virtue. A scout ought to be loyal to all to whom he has obligations. He ought to stand up courageously for the truth, for his parents and friends. Another scout virtue is self-respect. He ought to refuse to accept gratuities from any one, unless absolutely necessary. He ought to work for the money he gets. For-this same reason he should never look down upon any one who may be poorer than himself, or envy any one richer than himself. A seout's self-respect will cause him to value his own standing and make him sympathetic toward others who may be, on the one hand, worse off, or, on the other hand, better off as far as wealth is concerned. Scouts know neither a lower nor a higher class, for a scout is one who is a comrade to all and who is ready to share that which he has with others. The most important scout virtue is that of honor. Indeed, this is the basis of all scout virtues and is dosely allied to that of seN-respect. When a scout promises to do a thing on his honor, he is bound to do it. The honor of a scout will not per- reit of anything but the highest and the best and the manliest. The honor of a scout is a sacred thing, and cannot be lightly set aside or trampled on. Faithfuiner, s to duty is another one of the scout virtues. When it is d scout's duty to do something, he dare not shirk. A scout i? faithful to his own interest and the interests of others. He is true to his country and his God. Another scout virtue is cheerfulness. As the scout law intimates, he must never go about with a sulky air. He must always be bright and srnillug, and as -the humorist says, "Must always see the doughnut and not the hole." A bright face. and a cheery word spread like sunshine from one to another. It is the scout's duty to be a sunshine-maker in the world. Another scout virtue is that of thoughtfulness, especially to animals; not merely the thoughtfulness that eases a horse from the pain of a badly fitting harness or gives food and drink to an animal that is in need, but also that which. keeps a boy from throwing a stone at a cat or tying a tin can on a dog's tail. If a boy scout does not prove his thoughtfulness and friendship for animals, it is quite certain that he never will be really helpful to his comrades or to the men, women, a. ltd chi?- -h-?n who may need his care. Digitized by ?,?Opg[C And then the final and chief test of the scout is the doing of a good turn to somebody every day, quietly and without boasting. This is the proof of the scout. It is practical religion, and a boy honors God best when he helps others most. A boy may wear all the scout uniforms made, all the scout badges ever manufactured, know all the woodcraft, campcraft, scoutcraft and other activities of boy scouts, and yet never be a real boy scout. To be a real boy scout means the doing of a good turn every day with the proper motive and if this be done, the boy has a right to be classed with the great scouts that have been of such service to their country. To accomplish this a scout should observe the scout law.

Every boy ought to commit to memory the following abbreviated form of the scout law.

The Twelve Points of the Scout Law

1. A scout is trustworthy.

2. A scout is loyal.

3. A scout is helpful.

4. A scout is friendly.

5. A scout is courteous.

6. A scout is kind.

7. A scout is obedient.

8. A scout is cheerful.

9. A scout is thrifty.

10. A scout is brave.

11. A scout is clean.

12. A scout is reverent.

The Boy Scout Organization

To do good scouting a boy must understand the organization of which he is a part. The Boy Scouts of America is promoted and governed by a group of men called the National Council. This National Council is made up of leading men of the country and it is their desire that every American boy shall have the opportunity of becoming a good scout.

The National Council holds one meeting annually at which it elects the officers and the members of the Executive Board. It copyrights badges and other scout designs, arranges for their manufacture and distribution, selects designs for uniforms and scout equipment, issues scout commissioners' and scout masters' certificates, and grants charters for local councils. A local council through its officers – president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and scout commissioner, its executive committee, court of honor, and other committees – deals with all local matters that relate to scouting.

The scout commissioner is the ranking scout master of the local council and presides at all scout masters' meetings as well as at all scout field meets. It is also the duty of the scout commissioner to report to and advise with the Chief Scout through the Executive Secretary concerning the scouts in his district. The scout commissioner's certificate is issued from National Headquarters upon the recommendation of a local council after this council has been granted a charter.

The scout master is the adult leader of a troop, and must be at least twenty-one years of age. He should have a deep interest in boys, be genuine in his own life, have the ability to lead, and command the boys' respect and obedience. He need not be an expert at scoutcraft; a good scout master will discover experts for the various activities. His certificate granted upon the recommendation of the local council.

An assistant scout master should be eighteen years of age or over. His certificate is granted by the National Council upon the recommendation of the scout master of his troop and the local council.

Chief Scout and Staff

The Chief Scout is elected annually by the National Council and has a staff of deputies each of whom is chairman of a committee of scoutcraft. These deputies are as follows:

Chief Scout Surgeon.

Chief Scout Woodsman.

Chief Scout Stalker.

Chief Scout Master.

Chief Scout Camp Master.

Chief Scout Director of Health.

Chief Scout Athletic Director.

Chief Scout Citizen.

Chief Scout Director of Chivalry.

Scouts are graded as follows:

Chief Scout and Staff. Scout Commisioner. Scout Master. Assistant Scout Master. Patrol Leader. Assistant Fatrol Leader.

Eagle Scout. Star Scout. Life Scout. First-class Scout. Second-class Scout. Tenderfoot.

How to Become a Boy Scout

The easiest way to become a boy scout is to join a patrol that has already been started. This patrol may be in aSunday School, Boys' Brigade, Boys' Club, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Men's Hebrew Association, Young Men's Catholic Association, or any other organization to which you may belong. If there is no patrol near you, get some man interested enough to start one by giving him all the information.

A patrol consists of eight boys, one of whom becomes the patrol leader and another the assistant patrol leader.

A troop consists of three or more patrols, and the leader of the troop is called a scout master. There can be no patrols or troops of boy scouts without this scout master.

The Scout Motto

The motto of the boy scouts is Be Prepared, and the badge of the boy scouts is a copyrighted design with this motto, “Be Prepared,” on a scroll at its base.

The motto, “Be Prepared,” means that the scout is always in a state of readiness in mind and body to do his duty. To be prepared in mind, by having disciplined himself to be obedient, and also by having thought out beforehand any accident or situation that may occur, so that he may know the right thing to do at the right moment, and be willing to do it. To be prepared in body, by making himself strong and active and able to do the right thing at the right moment and then to do it.

The Scout Badge

The scout badge is not intended to represent the fleur-de-lis, or an arrowhead. It is a modified form of the sign of the north on the mariner's compass, which is as old as the history of navigation. The Chinese claim its use among them as early as 2634 B.C., and we have definite information that it was used at sea by them as early as 300 A.D. Marco Polo brought the compass to Europe on his return from Cathay. The sign of the north on the compass gradually came to represent the north, and pioneers, trappers, woodsmen, and scouts, because of this, adopted it as their emblem. Through centuries of use it has undergone modification until it has now assumed the shape of our badge.

This trefoil badge of the scouts is now used, with slight local variations, in almost every civilized country as the mark of brotherhood, for good citizenship, and friendliness.

The trefoil refers to three pomis in the Scout oath.

Its scroll is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth, because he does his duty with a smile and willingly.

The knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to some one daily.Scoutcraft' The arrowhead part is worn b? the tenderfoot. The scroll part only is worn by the second-class scout. The badge worn by the first-class scout is the whole badge. The official badges of the Boy Scouts of America are issued by the National Council and may be secured only from the National Headq?. These badges are protected by the U.S. Patent Laws (letters of patent numbers 4x4x2 and 4x$32) and any one infringing these patents is liable to prosecution at law. In order to protect the Boy Scout Movement and those who have qualified to receive badges designating the various degrees in scoutcraft, it ?s desired that all interested cooperate with the National Headquarters in safeguarding the sale and distribution of these badges. This may be done by observing the following x. Badges should not be ordered until after boys have ac- tually complied with the requirements prescribed by the National Council and are entitled to receive them. 5. All orders for badges should be sent in by the scout master with a certificate from the local council that these requirements have been compiled with. Bl?nlr.? for this purpose may be secured on application to the National Headquarters. Where no local council has been formed, application for badges should be sent direct to Head?luarters, signed by the registered scout master of the troop, giving his official number. Scout commi??sioners', scout masters', and assistant scout masters' badges can be issued only to those who are registered as such at National Headquarters. Tellerfoot Badge ? Gilt metal. Patrol Lead?' s T ?nderf oot Badge ---Oxidized silver finish. These badges are seven eighths of an inch ?vide and are made either for the button-hole or with safety-pin dasp. Price $ cents. Se?ond-Class Scout Badge- Gilt metal. Patrol Lead?'s Second-Class So?t Badge--Oxidized silver. These badges--safety-pin style -- to be worn upon the sleeve. Price xo cents. First-Class Scout Badge- Gilt metal. Patrol Leader's First-Class So?t Badge--Oxidized silver. Both .badges safety-pin style- to be worn upon the sleeve. Price x$ cents. Salt Cononlssionet's, So?t Mas?,r's, and Assis?n? Scout Master' s Arm B.adges. These badges are woven in blue, green, and red silk, and are, to be worn on the sleeve of coat or shirt. Price14 Boy Scouts Bunions---The offidal buttons worn on the-scout uniforms sell for Io cents per set for shirt and z 5 cents per set for coat. Merit Badges- Price 5 5 cents each. Boy Scou? Certificates -- A handsome certificate in two colors, ,6 x 8 inches, has been prepared for boy scouts who wish to have a recoid of their enrolment.. The certificafe has the Scout Oath and Law and the official'Seal upon it, with place for the signature of the scout master. The price is $ cents. Directions For Ordering Important ! When ordering supplies send exact remittance. with order. If check is used add New York exchange. Make checks and money orders payable to Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the proper remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance arrives. The Scout Oath Before he becomes a scout a boy must promise: On my honor I will do my best: 1. To do my duty to Ood and my country, and to obey the scout law; 2. To help other people at all times; 3. To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight. When taking this oath the scout will stand, holding up his right hand, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the little finger a?d the other three fingers upright and together. The Scout Sign This is the scout sign. The three fingers held up remind him of tgs three promises in tke scout oath. The Scout Salute When the three fingers thus held are raised to the forehead, it is the scout salute. The scout always salutes an officer. The Scout Law* There have always been certain written and unwritten laws regulating the conduct and directing the activities o men.

• Result o! work o[ Committee on Scout Oath, Scout Law, Tendedoot, Second-class

and First-class Scout Requirements:-- ?-* ? Prof. l?emi&h W. lenks Clmirmsa. Dr. Lee K..F?g?. ?llie)?[?di?er, E. ?. Robinson, G. W. Hinckley, B. E. Johnson, Clark W. Hethenngton, ,annur A.?C?-y.Scoutcraft' ?5 We have such unwritten laws coming down from past ages. In Japa?,'-the Japanese have their Bushido or laws of the old Samurai warriors. During the Middle Ages, the chivalry and rules of the Knights of King Arthur, the Knights Templar and the Crusaders were in force. In aboriginal America?.tbe Red Indians had ,their laws of honor: likewise the Zulus, Hindus, and the later European nations have their ancient codes. The following laws which relate to the .Boy Scouts of America are the latest and most up to date. These laws a boy. promises to obey when he takes his scout oath. 1. A scout is trustwo .rtby. A 'scout's honor is to-be trusted. If he were to violate his honor by telling a lie, or by cheating, or by not doing exactly a given task, when trusted on ?his honor, he may be directed to hand over his scout badge. 2. A scout is loyal. He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due: his scout leader,

his home, and parents and country. 

3. A scout is h?!pful. He must be prepared at any time to save life, help injured persons, and share the home duties. He must do at least one good turn to somebody e?ery day. 4. A scout Is friem!ly. He is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout. ? A scout is courteous. He is polite to all, especially to women, children, old people, and the weak and helple ss. He must not take pay for being helpful or courteous. 6. A scout is kind. He is a friend to-animals. He will not kill nor hurt any living creature needlessly, but will strive to save and protect all harmless life. 7. A scout is obedient. He obeys his paren.ts, scout master, patrol leader, and all other duly constituted authorities. 8. A scout is cheerful. He smiles whenever he can. His obedience to orders is prompt and cheery. He never shirks nor grumbles at hardships. 9. A scout is thrifty. He does not wantonly destroy property. He wor?ks faith- fully, wastes nothing, and makes the bestx6 Boy Scouts tunities. He saves his money so that he m?y pay kis own w?y, be generous to thosein need, and helpful to worthy objects. He ?nay work for pay I? ,rest not re?dw lips for amrte.vies or good tums. 10. A se, omt is brave. He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear and has to st?md up for the right aga/nst the coaxings of/riends or the jeers or threats of enemies, and defeat does not down him. II. A scout is He keeps clean in body and thought, stands for clean speech, 'clean sport, clean habits, and travels with a clean crowcL 12. A scout is reverent.

He is reverent toward God. He is faiLkful in his religious 

duties and respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion. The Three Classes of Scouts There are three classes of scouts among the Boy Scouts of America, the tenderfoot, second-class scout., and first-class scout. Before a boy ean become a tenderfoot he must qualify for same. A tenderfoot, therefore, is superior to the ordinary boy because of his training. To be a tendexfoot means to occupy the lowest grade in scouting. A tenderfoot on meeting certain requirements may become a second-class scout, and a second-class scout upon meeting another set of requirements may become a first-class scout. The. first-class scout may then qualify for the various merit badges which are offered in another part of this chapter for proficiency in s.couting. The requirements of the tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first- class scout, axe as follows: Tenderfoot To become a scout a boy must be at least twelve years of age and must pass a test in the following: Tenderfoot x. Know the scout law, sign, salute, and significance of the badge. 5. Know the composition and history of the national flag and the customary forms of respect due to it. 3- Tie four out of the following knots: square or reef, sheet-bend, bowline, fisher- man's, sheepshank, halter, clov?..hitch. timber hitch, or two half hitches?,?,t,? b?kJOO?leScoutcraft l? He then takes the scout oath, is enrolled as & t?aderto? and is entitled to wear the tenderfoot badge. Sa;ond?class Scout To become a ?econd-class scout, a tenderloot n?st to the satisfaction of the recognized Io?al scout the following tests: ?. At least one month's service as a' tenderfoots-- - e. Elementary first aid and bandaging; know. the genorat directions for first aid for injuries; know treatment for fainting? shock, fractures, bruises, sprains, injuries in which the skin is broken, burns, and scalds; demonstrate how to carry injured, and the use of the trian? and roller bandages and tourniquet. ,r ' 3. Elemehtary signaling: Know the semaphore, O r American Morse, or Myer alphabet. 4- Track half a mile in twenty- five minutes; or, if in town, describe satisfactorily the contents. of one store window out of four observed Second-cla? for one minute each. $. Go a mile in twelve minutes at scout's pate m abo?i fifty steps running and fifty walking, alternately. 6. Use properly knife or hatchet. 7. Prove ability to build a fire in the open, using not than two matches. 8. Cook a .quarter of a pound of meat and two potato?. in the open without the ordinary kitchen cooking utensi? . t 9. Earn and deposit at least one dollar in a public bank. xo. Know the sixteen principal points of the compass. First-class Scout To become a first-class scout, the second-dam aaout mini pass the following tests: x.' Swim fifty yards. 5. Earn and deposit at least two dollars in a public bank. 3. Send and receive a message by semaphore, or. JLmeri. can Morse, or Myer alphabet, sixteen letters per mime..k?00?l 4. Make a round trip alone (or'with another scout) toapoint ig Boy Scouts at l?st. ?even miles away, going on foot or rowing boat, and write a satisfactory account of the trip and things observed. ?' 5- Advanced first aid: Know the methods for panic prevention; what to do in case of fire and ice, electric and gas accidents; how to help in case of runaway horse, mad dog,

or snake bite; treatment for dislocations, 

unconsciousness, poisoning, 'fainting, apo- ,? plexy, sunstroke, heat exhaustion, and freez- ing; know treatment for sunburn, ivy 'poisoning, bites and stings, nosebleed, ear- ache, toothache, inflammation or grit in eye, cramp .or .stomach ache and chills; demonstrate artificial respiration.

. 6.: Prepare and cook satisfactorily, in 

the Open, without regular kitchen utensils, ?. Of the following articles as may be directed. Eggs, bacon, hunter's stew, fish, fowl, game, pancakes, hoe-cake, biscuit, hardtack or a "twist," baked on a stick; explain to another boy the meth?s followed. 7. Read a map correctly, and draw, from field notes made on the spot, an intelligible rough sketch map, indicating by their proper marks important buildings, roads, trolley lines, main landmarks, principal elevations, etc. Point out a corn- . pass direction without the help of the compass. 8. Use properly an axe for felling or trimming light timber; or produce an article of carpentry or cabinet-making or metal work made by himself. Explain the method followed. '9. Judge distance, size, number, height and weight within 2 5 per cent. to. Describe fully from observation ten spedes of trees or plants, including poison ivy, by their bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, or scent; or six species of wild birds by their plumage, aotes? tracks, or habits; or six species of native wild animals by eheir form, color, call, tracks, o? habits; find the North Star, nd name and describe at least three constellations of stars. xx, Furnish satisfactory evidence that he has put into 'practice/n his daily life the principles of the scout oath and law. r2. Enlist a boy trained by himself in the requiremen. ts of

tenderfoot. 

?rOTE.--No deviation from above requirements will be per- m'Itted unless in extraordinary cases, such as physical, inaln71ty, and the written consent of the National H??ebeen

Obtained by the recognized local scout authority. '?Scoutcraft'. 19 

?. Patrol Signs '?: ".?. E?eh troop of boy .s?o. uts is named af? the pl -a? to ?hlc h it belongs. ? For exatnpl, it. is Troop NO. z, 2, 5, 4, ec., of New York orChlc. ago. Ea.?Ta patrol of the troop is named after an a.Gimal or bird, but may be given another kind of name if Merit ] ? ?" ' Positions of Various Badges there is a valid reason. In this way, the Twenty-seventh New York Troop, for instance, may have several patrols, which may be respectively the Ox, Wolf, Jackal, Raven, Buffalo, Fox, Panther, and P?ttlesnake. Each scout in a patrol has a number, the patrol ?.?d?_b?ng No. x, the assistant patrol leader No. 2, the remaining consecutive numbers. Scouts in this way shouldScouts MONGOOSE w? A?D o?t?oz HAWK WOLF PEEW1T C? (ssme as Eagle) Ho?l--"How-oooo" WM?--"Fewftt" --"K?eeee" P?x ?LOW im? BLiCX G? ,U? W? HOUND --" Bawow.wow CAT JACKAL C?y--" Meeaow" Leugkt#?Cry--"Wah. G?taY AND BXOWN wah-wah-wah-wah." G?Y ? B? RAVEN BUFFALO PEACOCK Cry--" Kar-kaw" Lowre! ,(same as Bull) C?T--" Bee?k" BL?C? "Um-m?ouw" G?ZN AND ]]LV? P. ZD ? Wm?n? BULL SEAL OWL l, owint --" Um-maouw" _Ca/] --" H?ar?" Wkt?tle" Koot-koot-koo" TIGER LION KANGAROO, H?RSE? Pwe --" G?:rao" Row--" Eu-uah" Ca?l--" Coo.?e 'u i ?W?._.? ?ll.i?" Vlor. zr Yzl?ow Am? ? Pu? *NU Gmt? Butc? AN? ?Scoutcragt FOX BBAR STAG STORK B?r k --" Ha-ha " Gro?--" Boorrr ?' C alJ--" Baow " C?..- " K_.orer. YELLOW AND Gue?N Bzow? AND ? VIo?'I' AND BI.?c? $/?g _R?, Ba.a.a ,, WOOD PIGEOIff ]?AGLE -- C?//--" Book-hooroo" r?ry :l$411 ery--"Kreeee" B?ow'lq BLU? AND GRA'r GRmm AND BLACr. , ? I?[PPO RATTLESNAKE WI?D BOAR Hi?'Brrozsssh ? P?ttle a pebble in a smog! Grfmt--" Broof-broof Pm? Am? BLACX potted meat tin G?A Al? Pn? COBRA ?UCKO0 OTTER BEAVER H?ss--" Pssst" C?l--" Cook-koo" Cry--" Hoi-oi-oick" Slap made by clapping Oz?oz ? B?cx O?Ay B?ow? A?D WmTZwork in pairs, Nos. 3 and 4 together; 5 and 6 together; 7 and 8 together.

Each scout in a patrol should be able to imitate the call of his patrol animal. That is, the scouts of the Wolf patrol should be able to imitate a wolf. In this way scouts of the same patrol can communicate with each other when in hiding, or in the dark of night. It is not honorable for a scout to use the call of any other patrol except his own.

The patrol leader calls up his patrol at will by sounding his whistle and by giving the call of the patrol.

When the scout makes signs anywhere for others to read he also draws the head of his animal. That is to say, If he were out scouting and wanted to show that a certain road should not be followed by others, he would draw the sign, “not to be followed,” across it and add the name of his patrol animal, in order to show which patrol discovered that the road was bad, and by adding his own number at the left of the head to show which scout had discovered it.

Each patrol leader carries a small flag on the end of his staff

BLUE BUFFALO on white ground

FLYING EAGLES “Yeh-yeh-yeh” Black and white on red

BLUE HERONS “Hrrrr” Blue and green

HORNED KINGBIRDS

SINAWA Black on red

BLACK BEARS Black on red

AHMEEKS

SILVER FOXES

RED TRAILERS

MOON BAND Yellow on blue

OWENOKES

BLAZING ARROWScoutcraft z3 or stave with the head of his patrol animal shown on both sides. Thus the Tigers of the Twenty-seventh .New York Troop should have the flag shown below. The Merit Badges* When a boy has become a first-class scout be may qual. lfy for the merit badges. The examination for these badges should be gi?vn by the C?u?t of Honor of the local coundL Ttds examination must not given any boy who is not qualifted as a first-dass scout..After the boy ltas passed the examination, the local council may the merit badge for him by presenting the facts to the Nat'?ml Council. These badges are intended to stimulate the boy's intoest -in the life about him and are gi?vn for general knowlzdge. wearing of these badges does not signify that a scout is qitalifie? to make his li?ing by the knowledge gained. in secuffng the award. Scouts winning any of the following badges are entitled place after their names the insignia of the badges won. Fo?' -instance, if he has successfully passed the signaling and manship tests, he signs his name in this manner --

• .Reaalt o/wo? oI Committee on Badges, Awards and Equipment: Dr.

Chaltman, ? George W. Wingate. Dr. C. Ward Crampton, Cormoily, A. A. Jameson, Ernest Thompson Seton.Boy Scouts Agriculture "To obtain a merit badge for Agriculture a scout must r. State different tests with grains. 2. Grow at lcast an acre of corn which produces 55 per cent. better than the general average. ? . 3. Be able to identify and describe common weeds of the community, and tell how best to eliminate them. 4. Be able to identify the common in- ? sects and tell how best to handle them. $. Have a practical knowledge of plowing, cultivating, drilling, hedging, and draining. 6. Have a working knowledge of farm machinery, haym_?k!ug, reaping, loading, and stacking. 7- Have a general acquaintance of the routhie seasonal work on the farm, including the care of cattle, kq. rses, sheep, and pigs. 8. Have a knowledge of Campbell's Soil Culture principle, .?.t?d a knowledge of dry farming and of irrigation farming. Angling ?o obtain a merit badge for Angling a scout must r. Catch and name ten different spedes of fish: salmon or trout to be taken with flies; bass, pickerel, or pike to be caught ?itll rod or reel, muskallonge to be caught

by trolling. 

?. Make a bait rod of three joints, straight and sound, x4 oz. or less in weight, ro feet or less in length, to stand a strain of .,? lbs. at the tip, x3 lbs. at the grip. 3. Make a jointed fly-rod 8-xo feet long, 4-8 ozs. in weight, capable of casting a fly s/xty feet. 4. Name and describe twenty-five different species of fish found in North American waters and give a complete list of the 5s{?es ascertained by himself to inhabit a given body of water. 5. Give the history of the young of any species of wild fish .?rom the time of hatching until the adult stage is reached. Archery 3Yo obtain a merit badge .for Archery a scout must ?,. Make a bow and arrow which will shoot a distance of 'me hundred feet with fair precision. 2, Make a total score of 350 withu?dSh?-?)/l?ne orScoutcraft two meets, using standard four-foot target ? at forty yards or three-foot target at thirty yards. 3. Make a total score of 3oo with 72 arrows, using standard target at a distance of fifty yards.

4. Shoot so far and fast as to have 

six arrows in the air at once. Architecture To obtain a merit badge for Architecture a scout must x. Present a satisfactory free-hand drawing. 2. Write an essay on the history of Architecture and describe the five orders. 3. Submit an original design for a two- story house and tell what material is nec- essary for its construction, giving detailed specifications. Art To obtain a merit badge for Art a scout must x. Draw in outline two simple objects, one composed of straight lines, and one of curved lines, the two subjects to be grouped together a little below the eye. e. Draw in outline two books a little below the eye, one book to be open; also a .?iW table or chair. 3- Make in outline an Egyptian orna- ment. 4. Make in outline a Greek or Renais- sance ornament from a cast or copy. 5- Make an original arrangement or design using some detail of ornament. 6. Make a drawing from a group of two objects placed a little below the eye and show light and shade. 7. Draw a cylindrical object and a rectangular object, grouped together a little below the eye, and show light and shade. 8. Present a camp scene in color. Astronomy To obtain a merit badge for Astronomy a scout must x. Have a? general knowledge of the nature and move- rs. Google26 Boy Scouts ? ?. Point out and name six principal constellations; find the North by means of other stars than the Pole-star in case of that star being obscured by clouds, and tell the hour of the night by the stars and moon. 3- Have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the earth, sun and moon, and of tides, eclipses, meteors, comets, sun-spots, and planets. Athletics To obtain a merit badge for Athletics a scout must x. Write an acceptable ?rticle of not less than five hundred words on how to train for an athletic event. 2. Give the rules for one track and one field event. 3- Make the required athletic standard according to his weight, dassitications and conditions as stated in chapter eight. Automobiling To obtain a merit badge for Automobiling a scout must x. Demonstrate how to start a motor, explaining what precautions s?,:.uld be taken. 2. Take off and put on pneum?,? 3. Know the functions of the , .'?tc'.a, carburetor, valves, magneto, spark i- differential cam shaft, and different spe?, r gears, and be able to explain difference between a two and four cycle motor. 4. Know how to put out burning gasoline or oil. 5- Have satisfactorily passed the requirements to receive a license to operate an automobile in the community in which he lives. Aviation To obtain a merit badge for Aviation a scout must r. Have a knowledge of the theory of aeroplanes, balloons, and dirigibles. -*. Have made a working modelScoutcraft aeroplane or dirigible that will fly at least twenty-five yards; and have built a box kite that will ?y. 3. Have a knowledge of the engines used for aeroplanes and d/r/g/hies, and be able to describe the various types of aero- planes and their records. B? Farminl To obtain a merit badge for Bee Farm- ? ing a scout must x. Have a practical knowledge of swaxm- ing, hiving, hives and general apiculture, including a knowledge of the use of arti- tidal combs. 2. Describe different kinds of honey and tell from what sources gathered. B!acksmithing To obtain a merit badge for Blacksmith- ing a scout must x. Upset and weld a one-tach iron rod. ?. Make a horseshoe. 3. Know how to tire a wheel, use a sledge-hammer and forge, shoe a horse co=- rectly and roughshoe a horse. 4. Be able to temper iron and steel. Bugling To obtain a merit badge for Bugling a scout must x. Be able to sound properly on the Bugle the customary United States Army ?is. Business To obtain a merit badge for Business a scout must x. Write a satisfactory business and a personal letter. ?. State fundamental principles of buy- ing and selling. 3. Know simple bookkeeping. 4. Keep a complete and actual account of personal receipts and expenditures for six months.?g Boy Scouts 5. State how much money would need to be invested at 5 per cent. to earn his weekly allowance of spending money [?r a year. Camping To obtain a merit badge' for Camping a scout must x. Have slept in the.open or under canvas at different times fifty nights. O ,. Have put up a tent alone and ditched it. 3. Have made a bed of wild material and a fire without matches. 4. State how to choose a camp site and how to prepare for 'rain; how to build a latrine (toilet)and how to dispose of the camp garbage and refuse. 5. Know how to construct a raft. Carpentry To obtain a 'merit badge for Carpentry a scout must z. Know the proper way to drive, set and clinch a nail. 2. Know the different kinds of chisels, planes and saws, and how to sharpen and use th?m. 3. Know the use of the rule, square, level, plumb-line and mitre. 4. Know how to use compasses ior scribing both regular and irregular lines. 5. Make? an article of furniture with three different standard joints or splices, with at least one surface of highly polished hard .or decorative wood. All work to be done without assistance. 'Chemistry To obtain a merit badge for Chemistry a scout must be able to pass the following test: z. Define physical and chemical change, Which ticcurs when salt is dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rusts, water boils, iron is magnetized and mercuric oxide is heated above the boiling point'of mercury? ... . 2. ' Give correct tests for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,chl..orlhe, and.carbon dioxide gases. . 3. Could you use the above gases to?,?$?? How?Scoutcraft

4. Why csa baking sod? be used to put 

out a small fire? $. Give tests for a chloride, sulphide, sulphate, nitrate, and carbonate. 6. Give the names of three commercilgl- forms of carbon. Tell how each is made and the purpose for which it is used. 7. What compound .is formed when carbon is burned in air ? 8. Tell process of' making lime and mortar from limestone. 9. Why will fresh plaster harden quicker by burning char- coal in an open vessel near it? Civics To obtain a merit badge for Civics a scout must z. State the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his state. 5. Know the prindpal features of the natuml/z?tion laws of the United States. 3. Know how President, Vice-President, seaators, and con- gressmen of the United States are elected and thdr terms of office. 4. Know the number of judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, how appointed, and their term of office. 5- Know the various administrative departments of government as represented in the President's Cabinet. 6. Know how the governor, lieutenant- governor, senators, representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their terms of office. 7- Know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are appointed or elected, and the length oi their terms. 8. Know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and for what terms. 9- Know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, poJce, board of health, etc. xo. Draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, g/ving location of the prindpal ptlblic buildings and points of specim interest. . ?t? ? ?00?[ xx. Gi?,e s,*tisfactory evidence that he is familiar with tl?

3o Boy Scouts

provisions and Mstory of the Declaration of. Independence and th?,?*o'n?'h'?.n of the United States. ," Conservation ? To ol?2n ? merit badge for Conservation a scout must ?j. Be able .W reco?uize in the forest'all important com- mercial trees i?i his neighborhood; distin?dsh the lumber from each'and tell for what purpose each is best suited; tell the age of old blazes on trees which mark a boundary or' trail,; reco?mize the difference in the forest between good and bad logging, giving reasons why one' is good and another bad; tell whether a tree is dying from injury by fire, by insects, by disease or by a com- bination of these causes; know what tools to use, and how to fight fires in hil17.or in flat country. Collect the seeds of two commercial trees, clean and store them, and know how and when to plant them. 2. Know the effect upon stream- flow of the destruction of .forests at head waters; know what are the four great uses of water in streams; what causes the pollution of streams, and how it can best be stopped; and how, in general, water power is developed. 3- Be able to tell, for a given piece of farm land, whether it is best suited for use as farm or forest, and why; point out examples of erosion, and tell how to stop it; give the reasons why a growing crop pointed out to him is successful or why not; and tell what crops should be grown in his neighborhood and why. 4- Know where the great coal fields are situated and whether. the use of coal is increasing, and ff so at what rate. Tell what are the great sources of waste of coal, in the mines, and in its use, and how they can be reduced. 5. Know the prindpal game birds and animals in his neigh- borhood, the seasons during which they are protected, the methods of protection, and the results. Recognize the track of any two of the following: rabbit, fox, deer, squirrel, wild. turkey, ruffed grouse and quail. Cooking To obtain a merit badge for Cookin? a scotr? mtm? x. Prove his ability to build a fir;-?/?tF?u?o?e or sodScoutcraft or .logs, light a fire, and cook in the open the following dishes in addition to those required for a first-class scout: Camp stew, two vegetables, omelet, rice pudding; know how to mix dough, and bake bread in an oven; be able to make tea, coffd?, and cocoa, carve properly and serve cor- rectly to people at the table. - Craftsmanship ' '. To obtain a merit badge f?'r-Craffs?an- ship a scout must x. Build and finish unassisted one of -the following articles: a round, square or octagonal tabouret;'round or square den or library table; hall or piano bench; rustic arm chair or swing to be hung with chains; or rustic table. 5. He must also make plansorintelligent rough sketch drawing of the piece selected. 4 Cycling To obtain a merit ?adge for Cycling a scout must ?. Be able to ride a bicycle fifty miles in ten hours. 5. Repair a puncture. 3- Take apart and clean bicycle and put together again properly. 4- Know how to make reports if sent out scouting on a road. 5- Be able to read a map and report correctly verbal messages. Dairying To obtain a merit badge for Dairying a scout must ?. Understand the management of dairy cattle. 2. Be able to milk. 3- Understand the sterilization 9? milk. and care of dairy utensilsBoy' Scouts 4. T?st at least five cows for ten days each, with the Babcock test, and make proper reports. ' . Electricity To obtain a merit badge for Electricity' ? /v scout must i. Illustrate the experiment by which .. the laws of electrical attraction and ?e- pulsion are shown. 2. Name three uses of the direct cur- rent, and tell how it differs from the alternating current. 3. Make a simple elctro-magnet. 4. Have an elementary knowledge of the action of simple battery cells and of the working of electric bells and telephones. $. Be able to remedy fused wire, and to repair broken 6. Construct a machine to make static electridty or a wire- less apparatus. 7. Have a knowledge of the method of resuscitation and rescue of a person insensible from shock. Firemanship To obtain a merit badge for 1'. a scout must i. Know how to turn in an alarm for fire. 5. Know how to enter burning buildings. 3- Know how to prevent panics and the sprbad of fire. 4- Understand the use of hose; un- rolling, joining up, connecting two hydrants, use of nozzle, etc. 5. Understand the use of escapes, ladders, and chutes, and know the location of exits in buildings which he frequents. 6. Know how to improvise ropes and nets. 7. Know what to do in case of panic, understand the fire- man's lift and drag, and how to work in fumes. 8. Understand the use of fire extinguishegs; how to rescue animals; how to save property; how to organize a bucket brigade, and how to aid the police in keeping back crowds. First Aid To obtain a merit badge for First Aid a s9ou?t ?m_?s?t x. Be able to demonstrate the?yive?h? Schaefer methods of resuscitation.Scoutcraft 33

. Catty a person down a ladder. 

3- Bandage head and ankle. 4. Demonstrate treatment of wound of the neck with severe arterial hemorrhage. $. Treat mangl/ng injury of the leg 6. Demonstrate treatment for rupture of varicose ve/ns of the leg with severe hemorrlmge. 7. Show treatment for bite Of fingerby nmcl dog. 8. Demon?.tmte rescue of person i/? contact with electric wire. 9. Apply tourniquet to a prindpal artery.. xo. State chief differences between carbolic poisoning and intoxication. xx. Expla/n what to do for snake bite. x?. Pass first aid teat of American Red Cross Sodety. First Aid to Animals To obtain a merit badge for First Aid to Animals a scout must x. Have a general knowledge of domes- tic nd farm animals. 5. Be able to treat a norse for colic. 3* Describe symptoms and give treat- ment for the following: wounds, fractures and sprains, exhaustion, choking, lameness. 4. Understand horseshoeing.

Forestry 

To obtain a merit badge for Forestry a scout must I. Be able to identify twenty-five kinds or deciduous (broad leaf) trees in winter, and tell some of the uses of each. 5. Identify twelve kinds of shrubs. 3. Collect and identify samples of ten kinds of wood ?d be able to tell some of their uses. 4- Determine the height, and estimate the amount of timber,? t? five trees of diXierent sizes.j.! Boy Scouts 5. State laws for transplanting, gratting, spraying, and prot?s?ug trees. Oardening To obtam a merit b?dge for Gardening, a scout must x. Dig ?ud care for during the season a piec? of ground containing not less than x44 square feet. 2. Know the names o? a dozen plan?s pointed out in an ordinary garden. 3. Understand what is meant by prun- ing, gra/ting, and ma?uring. 4- Plant and grow successfully six kinds of vegetables or flowers from seeds $. Cut grass with scythe under super- vision. Handicraft To obtain a merit badge for Handicraft a scout must x. Be ?,ble to paint a door. ?. Whitewash a ceiling. 3. Repair gas fittings, sash lines, win- dow and door fastenings. ? 4. Replace gas mantles, w?hers, and electric light bulbs. 5- Solder. 6. Hang pictures and curtains. 7. Repair blinds. 8. Fix curtains, portiere rods, blind fixtures. 9- Lay carpets and mend clothing and upholstery. xo. Repair furniture and china. xx. Sharpen knives. x?. Repair gates. x3. Fix screens on windows and doors. Horsemanship To obtain a merit badge for Horsemanship a scout must x. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot, and gal?o? ?.. e. Know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly. 3. Know how to water and feed and to wh?t?t?, and how to groom ?, horse prbperiy.Scoutcraft 4..'l?ow how to harness a horse cor- rectly in single or double harness and to. drive o 5- Have a knowledge of the power of endurance of horses at work and know the local regulations concerning driving. 6. Know the management and care of horses. 7. Be able to identify unsoundness and blemishes. 35 8. Know the evils of bearing or check reins and of ill-fitting harness or saddlery. 9. Know two common causes of, and proper remedies for, lameness, and know to whom he should refer cases of cruelty and abuse. zo. Be able to judge as to the weight, height, and age of horses; know three breeds and their general characteristics. Interpreting To obtain a merit badge for Interpreting, a scout must x. Be able to carry on a simple con- versation. 5. Write a simple letter on subject given by examiners. 3. Read and translate a passage from a book or newspaper, in French, German, English, Italian, or any language that is not of his own country. Invention To obtain a merit badge for Invention a scout mu?t z. Invent and patent some useful ar- ticle. 5. Show a working drawing or model of the same. ?" Leather Working To obtain a merit badge for Leather Working a sc.?ut rapst L Have a knowledge of tanning and curing?byk?00?[36 Boy Scouts 2. Be able to sole and heel a pair of boots, s?w?l or nailed, and generally repair boots and shoes. 3. Be able to dress a saddle, repair traces, stirrup leathers, etc., and know the various parts of harness. Life Saving To obtain a merit badge for Life Saving a scout must x. Be able to dive into from seven to ten feet of water and bring from bottom to surface a loose bag of sand weighing five 2. Be able to swim two' hundred yards, ' ?/.?.? one hundred yards on back without using the hands, and one hundred yards any other stroke. 3. Swim fifty yards with clothes on (shirt, long trousers, and shoes as mini- 4. Demonstrate (a) on land--five methods of release; (b) in the water --two methods of release; (c) the Schaefer method of resuscitation (prone pressure). Machinery ? To obtain a merit'badge for Ma,chinery a scout must x. State the principles underlying the use and construction of the lathe, steam boiler and engine, drill press and planer. 5. Make a small wood or metal model illustrating the principles of either levers, gears, belted pulleys, or block and fall Marksmanship To obtain a merit badge for Marksman- ship a scout must x. Qualify as a marksman in accordance with the regulations of the National Rifle Association. Masonry To obtain a merit badge for Masonry a scout ,must x. Lay a straight wall with a comer. 2. Make mortar and describe process.

3. Use inteligently a plumb-line, level, and trowel.

4. Build a stone oven.

5. Demonstrate a knowledge of various uses for cement.

6. Build a dry wall.

Mining

To obtain a merit badge for Mining a scout must

1. Know and name fifty minerals.

2. Know, name and describe the fourteen great divisions of the earth's crust (according to Geikie).

3. Define watershed, delta, drift, fault, glacier, terrace, stratum, dip; and identify ten different kinds of rock.

4. Describe methods for mine ventilation and safety devices.

Music

To obtain a merit badge for Music a scout must

1. Be. able to play a standard musical instrument satisfactorily.

2. Read simple music.

3. Write a satisfactory essay of not less than five hundred words on the history of American music.

Ornithology

To obtain a merit badge for Ornithology a scout must

1. Have a list of one hundred different kinds of birds personally observed on exploration in the field.

2. Have identified beyond question, by appearance or by note, forty-five different kinds of birds in one day.

3. Have made a good dear photograph of some wild bird, the bird image to be over one half inch in length on the negative.

4. Have secured at least two tenants in bird boxes erected by himself.38 Boy Scout ?.- tigre d?ily note? on the ae?ting of a p??? groin ? ?e ?e ?t egg ? ?d ? ?e ? ?ve?t ?e nest. 6. Ha? at?a? at l?t ? of a supplied. ?x?..? Painting To ob? a m?t b?e for Pa?g a ?ut m?t x. Have knowle?e of how-to comb?e pi?en? to p?uce p? in? ?d ? ? ?1or. ?'. .. ?. ?ow how ? ?d ?ifive ?1ors t? ?

??? ? of w?te lead or og w? ?c.

?. Und?nd ?e ?g of. o?, t?-

?e, etc., W the pw?r comh?n?.

4. P?t a ?r? fi?r or o? s?ace ev?y ?d ?out ?ps. 5. ?ow how ?d wb? to putty up n? hol? ?d ? s?. 6. ?t for insp?don a ?el ?v? ? ? ?a? of p?t, w?ch p?el m?t ?nta? a bord? of mol?g, ?e ?y of ?e p?el to ? ? ? one color ?d ?e mol?g ? ano?er. Pathlnding To ob? a m?t ba?e for PaththUg a ?out must x. ?ow eve? lane, by-pa?, ?d ?o? ?t for a ?nce of at l?t two ?es ? eve? ?on aro?d ?e 1?1 ?outs' h?dquarte? ? the co?t?. 2. ?ve a general ?owledge of the ?st?ct ?n a five- mile ra? of ? 1oc? headqueers, ? as to be able to ?de p?ple at any ?e, by ?y or night. 3. ?ow ?e general ?ecfion and ?pu?on of ?e five p?cipal n?ghbo?g to?s ?d be able to ?ve s?ange? co?ect

r?tions how to rea? ?em. 

4. ?ow ? the co? in the two- ?e tabus, approximately, the number of ho?es, catfie, sheep, and pigs owned on ?e five neighboring fa?s: or ? a town must know ? a h?-?e tabus what live? ' s?bles, garag? and blacksmi?s there ?e. 5. Know the locationof the nearest meat markets, ?ked?, ?oceri?, ?d ?g sWr?. [c'Scoutcrak :;9 6. ?mma? where the nearea? police at&tion, ho?pital, doctor, To ob? a ?t ?e f? P? H? a ?ut ?t 5- T? ?w ? for ? f?ton a Phqto?aphy To ob? a m?t ?e for Phot?aphy x. ?ve a howl?e of ? ? ?d ?d ? ?fion of 2. T?e, d?, ?d p?t twelve ?ate subj?: ? ?teHo?, three 3. M?e a ?ble phot?ph of ?y ?d b? la? than a rob?, w?e on i? n?t; or ? ?ld ?n? ? i? n?ve ?; or a ? in ?e water. Pion?ring To ob? ? merit b?dge for Pionee?g ? scout m?t x. F? ? ?e-?ch tr? or pole ? ? pr?cdbed ?rection

2. Tie six kinds of knots quickly.

3. Lash spars properly together for scaffolding.

4. Build a modern bridge or derrick.

5. Make a camp kitchen.

6. Build a shack of one kind or another suitable for three occupants.

Plumbing

To obtahl a merit badge for Plumbing a scout must

1. Be able to make wiped and blazed joints.

2. Repair a burst pipe.

3. Mend a ball or faucet tap.

4. Understand the ordinary hot and cold water system of a house.

Poultry Farming

To obtain a merit badge for Poultry Farming a scout must

1. Have a knowledge of incubators, foster-mothers, sanitary fowl houses, and coops and runs.

2. Understand rearing, feeding, killing, and dressing birds for market.

3. Be able to pack birds and eggs for market.

4. Raise a brood of not less than ten chickens.

5. Report his observation and study of the hen, turkey, duck, and goose.

Printing

To obtain a merit badge for Printing a scout must

1. Know the names of ten different kinds of type and ten sizes of paper.

2. Be able to compose by hand or machines.

3. Understand the use of hand or power printing machines.

4. Print a handbill set up by himself.

5. Be able to read and mark proof correctly.

Public Health

To obtain a merit badge for Public Health a scout must

1. State what the chief causes of each of the following disease are: tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria.ScUtcraft

?. Diaw a diagram showbig how the .? .?e.?? house-fly carries disease. 3. T?ll.what should be don? to a house which has been occupied by a person who has had a contagious disease. 4. Tell how a scout m?y coiiperate with the board of health in preventing disease. 5. Describe the method used in his com- .- .; munity in disposing of garbage. ?'-6.: Tell?o?'a city should protect its foods; milk, meat, and 7. 'Te??oo? to plan the sanitary care of a camp. 8. State the reason why school children should undergo a medical examination. Scholarship Nor?: The n?laires?mts for the merit b?lge for Scholarship h?d not beem decided upon when this book was published. Information about same may be ? upo? application to Natioua? Headquarters. .. ?culptur? To obtain a merit badge for Sculpture a scout must L Make a clay model from an antique design. 5. Make a drawing and a model from nature, these models to be faithful to the original and of artistic design. Seamanship To obts?n a merit badge for Seamanship a scout must r. Be able to tib rapidly six different knots. 5. Splice ropes. 3. Use a Palm and needle. 4. Fling a rope coil. 5. Be able to row, pole, scull, and stee? a boat; also bring a boat properly alongside and make fast. 5. Know how to box the compass, teac a chart, and show use of parallel rules an0 dividers. Be able to state direction by the stars and sun. Swim fifty yards with shoes and clothes on. Digitized by4z Boy Scouts .9- Understand the general working of steam and hydraulic winches, and have a knowledge of weather .wisdo.nl? !Oi tides. ' Signaling . ' .?' To obtain a merit badge for Signaling a scout must t. Send and receive a message m two of the following systems of si.'gnaling: Sema- phore, Morse, or Myer, not fewer than twenty-four letters per minute. 5. ' Be able to give and read signals by sound. 3. Make correct smoke and fire signals. Stalking To obtain a merit badge for Stalking a scout must x. Take a series of twenty photographs of wild animals or birds from life, and develop and print them. 5. Make a group of sixty spedes of wild flowers, ferns, or grasses, dried and mounted in a book and correctly named. 3. Make colored drawings of twenty flowers, ferns, or grasses, or twelve sketches /tom life of animals or birds, original sketches as well as the finished pictures to be submitted.

Surveying 

To obtain a merit badge for Surveying a scout must x. Map correctly from the country itself the main features of hal/a mile of road, with 440 yards each side to a scale of two feet to the mile, and afterward draw same map from memory. 2. Be able to measure the height of tree, telegraph pole, and church steeple, describing method adopted. 3. Measure width of a river. 4. Estimate distance apart of two objects a known distance away and unapproachable. 5- Be able to measure a gradient. Swimming To obtain a merit badge for Swimming a scout must ?. Be able to swim one hundred yards. GooleScoutcrs/t s. Dive properly from the surface of the water. : 3. Demonstrate breast, crawl, and side stroke. 4. Swim on abe back fifty feet. Lil? Scout The life scout badge will be given to all first-class scouts who have qualified for the following five-merit badges: first aid, athletics, life-saving, .personal health, and public health. Taxiderm? ,.? To obtain a merit badge for Taxidermy a scout must x. Have a knowledge of the game laws of the state in which he lives. ?. Preserve and mount the skin of t game bird, or ?imal, killed in season. 3. Mount for a rug tlie pelt of some fur animal. Star Scout The star scout btdge will be given to the first-class scout who has qutli- fled for ten merit btdges. The ten include the list of hadges under life ? scout. [ [ Eagle Scout Any first-class scout qualifying for twenty-one merit badges will be entitled to wear the highest scout merit badge. This is an eagle's head in silver, and represents the all-round perfect scout. [Souts ?is entitled to W?ar the sa? on ? l?,b?: ?Bro? m?. Cross ? bm? ? ?t? ?ut b?ge s?? upon it ? s?s? ?m ? b?r by ? r? n?'h? ? awarded' to'a ?ut who ? saved ?e. ?i? .M?M. ,Silv? C? ? ?t?ass ?t badge su?p?d? ? it,?n?' su?d? ?om b? ? blue fi?., ? m? ? aw?&d to a ?t w? ?v?e ? co?ab? ds? to ?eff, ', ?ld Mede. ?lff. Cross '?. fi?t- ch? ?out badge sup? .?ed?.it and s?nd? from bar by,,?]te db- bon. TMs me&l h ?e Mghes t ?ible award for se? ?d heroism. It my be ?anted W a scout who has ?ved ?[e at the ?t?t ?ible. ?k W Ms 0? lif% ?d al? W a? one who ? ren- ?er? ,se?ce d ?cu?ar merit' to ?e Boy Scouts of Amed?.

The Honor Medal is a nation? honor 

and ?s aw?r?'?d o?y by ?e Na?onal Count. To make appli?fion for one of thee badges the fac? m?t ?st be ?v?tigat? by. ?e Court of Honor of the ?cai'Co? ?d presented by ?at body W the Couzt o[ Honor of ?e National Council. The Local Court of H? may at any ti? in?te expos to share i? thdr examinations a? r??bns. ?ea ?e National Co?t of Honor has pa? u?a ?e application, the proper medal ?11 be awardS. Badges of Rank The following devices are used to distinguish the various ranks of scouts: Patrol Leader: The patrol leader's arm badge consists ot two bars, x-inches long and ?-inch wide, of white braid worn on the sleeve below the left shoulde?t?I??? he m?,Y4Scoutcraft '45 wear an oxidized silver tenderfoot, second- class or first-class scout badge according to his rank. The assistant patrol leader wears one bar. Service Stripes: For each year o/ service as a boy scout, he will be entitled to wear a stripe of white braid around the sleeve above the wrist, Patrol Leader three stripes being changed for one red one. Five years of scouting would be indicated by one red stripe and two white stripes. The star Service Stripes indicates the position for wearing merit badges. = Scout Master: The badge of the scout commissioner, scout master, and assistant scout master is the first-class scout's badge reproduced in blue, green, and red, respect- ively, and are worn on the sleeve below the left shoulder. Chief Scout: The badge of the Chief Scout is the first-class scout badge with a five- pointed star above it em- broidered in silver. Chid Scout Surgeon: The badge of the Ch/ef ? Scout Surgeon is the first- ! class scout badge with caduceus above it embroidered in green. (The Chief Scout's staff wear the badge of rank in the same manner as the Chief Scout.) Chief Scout Chief Scout Woodsman: The ? badge of the Chief Scout Woods- man is the first-class scout badge with two crossed axes above it embroidered in green. Chief Scout Stalker: The badge Chid Scout of the Chief Scout Stall?er is Chid Scout Surgeon the first-class scout badge with Woodsman an oak leaf above it embroidered in blue. Chief Scout Director of Health: The badge of the Chief Scout Direetor of Health is the .first-c_-!?s sco/it (?id ,?cout Stalker46 Boy Scouts tongue of above it embroidere in CMef Scout CampM?ter: ?ebadge of?e ? CMef S?ut C?mp Mast? ?? is ?e fi?t-d? sco?t ?? badge ?th a moc?s? , ?-?] above it embroidered ?een. C?ef ?ut ?d ?out C?p C?ef Scout Direc?r D?tor of ? of At?efi?: ?e b?ge ? ?e C?cf Scout D?ector of At$detics is the first-class scout badge with a winged Mercury foot above it embroidered in green. Chief Scout Director of Chivalry: The badge of the Chief Scout Director of Chivalry is the first- Ch/d Scout Director of Athlefic? ' class scout badge with the scout sign above it embroidered in gold. CMef Scout Chief Scout Citizen: The badge of the Chief Scout Citizen is the first-class scout badge with the United States flag above it in silver. Appropriate badges for national and local councilmen may be secured from the National Headquarters. Equipment It should be clearly understood by all interested in the Scout Movement that it is not necessary for a boy to have a uniform or any other special equipment to carry out the scout program. There are a great many troops in the country which have made success- ful progress without any equipment whatever. However, for the convenience of boys who wish to .secure a uniform or other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as may be desired by the boys. Such arrangemints ,have been made with these manu?li? o?tly after a great nmnber oI representative firms an opportunity to submit samples and grices, to be .u-lform throughout the country?'?'?ifi!s?ii?tuxe'i?Scoutcraft 47 axe given the ImN4iege of using for a limited period an imprint of the official badge as an indication that the Committee on? Equipment is willing to recommend the use of that particular article. The official badge is fully protected by the U.S. Patent Laws and any one using it without expressed authority from National Headquarters is subject to prosecution at law. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the selection of the material used in making coats, breeches, and shirts. The material used in the boy scout coat, breeches, and shirt has been submitted to a thirty-day sun test, the acid and strength test and is guaranteed to be a fast color and durable. To show the resttit of the selection made, the manufacturer of these articles ha? been given the privilege of using the imprint of the official seal and the right to use the official buttons. We rec- ommend the purchase of the articles having this imprint through any local dealer or through National Headquarters. However, where a local council exists, buttons will be supplied on order of the Executive Committee for use on such uniforms as the Committee may desire to have made locally. In com- munities where no local coundl has been formed, they may be supplied on order of a registered scout master. Prices of the buttons 'per set for coat is ?5 cents and per set for shirt ?o cents. Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have not been made in a community, the National Headquarters will be glad to help in making such an arrangement. Many scout masters prefer to order unifOrmS and other supplies direct from National Headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the manufacturers have agreed to allow National Headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through National Headquarters if suffidently large will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the National Organiza- tion. Any combination desired may be made from this List. A fairly complete equipment may be secured at the very nominal sum of $?.x5. For instance, the Summer equipment which consists of: Hat, .5 cents; Shirt, 75 cents; Shorts? 50 cents; Belt, 40 cents. Where it is desired to equip the members of ?he troop with a standard uniform the following equipment is suggested__: Hat, Shirt, Coat, Breeches or Knickerbockers?t?y? or Stockings, Shoes, Haversack.48 Boy Scouts Other combinations m?y be made according to the resources of the boys forming the troop. However, it is recommended that each troop decide upon a definite combination to be worn by its members so that all of the scouts in the troop may dress ?,like. Each boy should pay for his own supplies and equipment. Soil'c/ting donations for this purpose should be prohibited. A complete list of all supplies and equipment with full in- formation about places where same can be secured is given in the appendix of fids book. KNOTS EVERY S/?OUT SHOULD KNOW By Sa?nud A. Mo.?a4, Boy Scouts Of Ar?rica Every scout knows what rope is. From the earliest moment of his play life he has used it in connection with most of his games. In camp life and on hikes he will be called upon to use it again and again. It 'is therefore not essential to describe here. the formation of rope; its various sizes and strength. The important thing to know is how to use it to the best ad- vantage. To do this an intelligent understanding of the different knots and how to tie them is essential. Everyday sailors, explorers, mechanics, and mountain-cl'h'nbers risk their lives on the knots that they tie. Thousands of lives have been sacrificed to ill-made knots. The scout therefore should be prepared in an emergency, or when necessity demands, to tie the right knot in the right way. There are three qualities to a good knot: x. Rapidity with which it can be tied. 5. Its ability to hold fast when pulled tight, and 3. The readiness with which it can be undone. The following knots, recommended to scouts, are the most serviceable because they meet the above requirements and .will be of great help in scoutcraft. If the tender- foot will follow closely the various steps indicated in the diagrams, he will have little ,ti?culty in reproducing them at pleasure. In practising knot-tying a short piece of hemp rope may be used. To protect the ends from fraying a scout should know how to "whip" them. The commonest method of "whipp ,ing" is as follows: Lay the end of a piece of twine alon?tthey?t?i/e rope.Scoutcraft 4?. Hold it to the rope with the thumb of your left hand whih' you wind the standing part around it and-t!? tope ?mtil end of the twine has been covered. ' Then with the other ? of the twine lay a loop back on the end of the rope and continut winding the twine upo? this second end until aH is taken up. The end is then pulled back f tight and cut off dose to the rope. For the sake of dearness a scout must constantly keep in mind these three principal parts of the rope: t. The Standing Part-- The long unused ' portion of the rope on which he works; 5. The Biglit-- The loop formed whenever * the rope is turned back upon itself; and, ?= ? 3. The Era/--The part he uses in leading. Before proceeding with the tenderfoot requirements, a scout should first learn the two primary knots: the overhand and figure- of-eight knots. The O?rhand Knot. Start with the pod- tion shown in the pre- c?ling diagram. Back the end around the standing part and up through t h e bight and draw tight. The Figufz of Eight Knot. Make a bight as before..Then lead the end around back of the standing part and down through the bight. After these preliminary steps, the prospective t?ler?o?ot may proceed to learn the required knots.Boy Scouts Sq?re or Reef Knot. The corn- False Reef or Crra?my. If the toonest knot for tying tw.o ropes ends are not crossed correctly together. Frequently used :,.n first- when making the reef knot, the a/d bandaging. Never shps or false reef or granny is the result. isms; easy to untie. This knot is always bad. Skeet Be?d or We?v- er's Knot. This knot is used in bending the sheet to the clew of a sail and in tying two rope-em?s ' to- gether. bight with Make a one rope A, B, then pass end C, of other rope up through and around the entire bight and bend it under its own standing part. Halt?, Slip, or Ru?- ?i#g Knot. A bight is first formed and an overhand k n o t made with the end around the standing part. Tke Boug/ne. A noose that neither jams n o r slips. Used in 1oweriug a person from a burn- hag building, etc. Form a small loop on the stand- ing part leaving the end long enough for the size of the noose required. Pass the end up through the bight around the standing part and down through the bight again. To tighten, hold noose in position and pull standing part. Ske?psl?a,k. Used for shortening ropes. Gather up the amount to be shortened, then make a half hitch round each of the bends as shown in the diagram.Scoutcraft Clov? Hitck. Used to fasten one pole to another in fitting up scaffolding; this knot holds snugly; is not liable to slip l?ter- ally. Hold the standing part in left hand, then pass the rope around the pole; cros? the staodlng part, making a second turn around the pole, and pass the end under the last turn. The Fislumna#'s Bend. Used aboard yachts for bending on the gaff topsai[ ?!!?rds. It consists of two t?ras around a spar or rin?, then a half hitch around the standing part and through the turns on the spar, and another half hitch above it around the standing part. 5I Timber Hitck. Used i n haulin? timber. Pass the end of the rope around the timber. Then lead it around its standing part and bring it back to make two or more turns on its own part. The strain will hold it securely Two HoOf Hitdies. Usdul because they are easily made and will not slip under any strain. Their formation is sufficiently ' - dicated by t?; Bla?kwali Hit?k. Used to secure a rope to a hook. The staycling part when hauled tight holds the end'firmly. Becket Hitzk. For joining a cord to a rope. May be easily nmde from diagram.. Digitized by GBoy T?e Fisl?rm?#' s K?o?. U?d tot tyi? si? w? ?t ?r 6sh?n? p?. It n? ?; is ?y ? by p? ?e two ?o? ?. ?e two ro? ? ?d ?ide ?e ?o?er, ? ? ? end an over?d knot is ?e of the other. Pull Ihe s? ? to tighten. Scolits Can?ck Bout. Used in uniting h?wsers for towing. Is easily untied by p?hl.? the loops in- ward. Turn the end of one rope A over its standing part B to form a loop. Pass the end of the other rope across the bight thus formed, back of the standing part B over the end A, then under the hight at C, passing it over its own standing part and under the bight again at D. The Mariner's Compass Boxing the Compass consists in enumerating the points, beginning with north and working around .the circle as follows:' North East by North North by East East North, North-east East by South North-east by North East, South-east North-east South-east by?az?t North-east by East South?.?t?d by ?00? East, North-east South-east by SouthScotcraft South, South-esst South by F?t South by West South-west by South South-west South-west by West West, South-west West by South West West by North West, North-west NorriS-west by West North-west North-west by North North, North-west North by West North NotesNotes on ScoulicraftBoy ScoutsCHAPTER 11 WOODCRAFT Tho Watch for a Compaq* The Watch is often used to give the comp?s peint exa ?C?tly. Thus: Point the hour?mnd to th? sun; then, in the morning, half-way between the hour-baud and noon-i.? due south. If afternoon, one must reckon half-way .backward. Thus: at 8 s: at., point the hour-hand to the sun' a?d reckon forward halbway to n?on; the south is at ?o. If at 4 v. ?.,.point the hour-hand at the sun and reckon back half-way; The sout. h is at two o'clock. The "half-way" is because the sun makes a'course of twenty- I0ur hours a?t the clock of but twelve. It we had a rational timepiece of twenty-four hours, it would fit in much better with all nature, and with the hour-hand pointed to the sun would make x2 o'clock, noon, always south. If you cannot see the sun, get into a clear, open space, hold your knife point upr/ght on your watch dlal, and it will cast a faint shadow, showing where the sun really is, unless the douds are very heavy. Finding Your Latitude by the Stars The use of the stars to the scout is chiefly to guide him by showing the north, but the white man has carded the use a step farther: he makes the Pole-star tell him not only where the north is, but where he himself is. From the Pole-star, he can learn his latitude. It is reckoned an exploit to take one's latitude from the North Star with a cart-wheel, or with two sticks and a bucket of water.

• From "Boy Scouts o? America," by Ernest Thompson Seton. Copyright, z9xo, by

S7 Diitizc Goosle58 Boy Scouts The first attempt I mmie was with two st?c?s and & bucket of water. I m?anged the bucket in the d?yt_?me, so that it

could be filled from rim to rim; that is, it was level, and that 

gave me the horiz?n line;. next, I .fastened my two sticks together at an adjusti?ble ?ingle. Th?a? laying one stick across the bucket as a base,?[ rgised the other t?l the two sight notches on its upper edge we? ?' Sti?gl?t l?te' {or the Pole-star. The sticks were now fastened a? this. angle and put away till the morning. On a smooth board- the board is allowable becanse it can be found either far on the plains when you have your wagon, or on the ship at sea -- I mapped out, first a right angle, by the old plan of measuring off a triangle, whose sides were six, eight, and ten inches, and applied the star angle to tb?s. By aprocess of equal subdivision I got 45 degrees, 2a?t degrees? flually 4o degrees, which seemed to be the latitude of my camp; i.? subsequent looking-up showed it to be 4x degrees xo minutes. Of course, it is hard to imagine that the boy?. will ever be so ?lo?ed that it is important for them to take their latitude with me-made implements; but it is also hard to imagine circum- stances under which it would be nec__?s__ry to know that the sun is 92,ooo,ooo miles sway. It is very sure, however, tlmt& boy who has once done this has a larger idea of the world and its geography, and it is likely to help him in realizing tlmt Sundial, or hunter's dock there is some meaning to the lines and figures on the border of his school maps, and that they are not put there merely to acid to his perp',exities. ?,?,?,z? ?(?OO?[Woodcraft To make & scout's sundial, prepare a smooth board about riftera inches across, with a circle divided into twenty-four equal parts, ?.nd a temporarily hin?oecl pointer, whose Upper edge h in the middle oi the dial. Place on some dead/?e/, solid post or stump in the open. At night fix the di?_l so that the twelve o'clock line points exactly to nQISh? as determined .by..(?.. Pole- star. Thee, using two temporary sighting sticks o/exactly the sante height (so as to permit sighting clear above the edge of the board) set the pointer exactly pointing to the Pole-starl ,that is, the same angle as the latitu?le d the place, and fix it there im- movably. Then remove the two sighting sticks. As a time- piece, this dial will be found roaghly correct for that latitude. The angle of the pointer, or style, must be cha?ged for each latitude. Building ft Lo? Cabin* There are as many different kinds of log cabins as of any other architecture. It is best to begin with the simplest. The tooh needed are'a sharp ax, a crosscut saw, an inch auger, and & spade. It is pce?i'ble to get along with nothing but an ax (many settlers had no other tool), but the spade, saw, and auger save much work. For the site select a high, dry p.ace, m or near the woods, and dose to the drinking-water. It should be a snnny place, and with a view, prderably one facing south or east. Clear off and level the ground. Then bring your logs. These are more picturesque with the bark ldt on, but last longer peeled. Eight teet by twelve feet outside makes a good cabin/or three or four beys. Cut and carry about twelve logs, each ten feet long; and twelve more, each fourteen feet long. The logs should be at least six i?ches through. Soft wood is preferable, as it is easier to handle; Me four ground logs or sills, at least, should be of cedar, chestnut, or other wood that does not rot. Lay two of the fourteen-foot logs on the ground, at the places for the long sides, and seven feet apart. Then across them, at the end, lay tw? short ones, eleven feet apart. This leaves about a foot pro- jecting from each log. Roll the last two into their resting- pla?s, and fiatten them till they sit firmly. It is of prime im- portance that each log rest immovably on the one below. Now cut the upper par? of each end log, to an edge over each corner. (Fig.placed, then cut on its upper surface at each end a notch corre- sponding with the ridge on the log it is to ride on. When ready, half a roll drops it into place. The log should be o,ne to three inches above the one under it, and sho?ld?o?C?xccpt a!Woodcraft 6x the ends. Repeat the process now with the other ?d? then the two ends, etc., always keeping the line of the corner plum?. As the walls rise, it will be found necessary to sk/d the larger logs; that is, roll them up on two long logs, or skids, leaning . against the wall.. (Fig. 2.) When the logs are in place to the height of four and a half feet from the ground, it is time to decide where the door and window are to be; and at that place, while the next long log is lying on top, bottom up, cut out a piece four feet long and four inches deep. Roll this log into place. (Fig. 3.) One more log above this, or certainly two, will make your shanty high enough for boys. Put on final end logs, then two others across the shanty. (Fig. 4.) Roll up the biggest, strongest log of all for the ridge (sometimes two are used side by side); it should lie along the middle of the four cross pieces shown in Fig. 4. The two cross logs, B and C, and the ridge log should be very strong, as the roof is heavy. Now we are ready to cut the doorway and window. First, drive in blocks of wood between each of the logs, all the way down from A to the ground, and from B down to D, and C to E. (Fig. 5.) Saw down now from A half-way through the ground log F. Then from B down to half-way through the log D; now continue from G, cutting down to half through the ground log. Use the ax to split out the upper half of the ground log, between the saw-cuts and also the upper half of the log D. Hew a flat piece of soft wood, five or six inches wide, about two inches thick, and as long as the height of this doorway. Set it up against the ends of the logs A to F. Bore an auger hole through it into the end of each log (these holes must not be in line lest they split the jamb), including the top and bottom ones, and drive into each a pin of oak. This holds all safely. Do the same on the other side, H to E, and put a small one down B, D, which is the side of the window. Now we are ready to fini.?h the roof. Use the ax to bevel off[ the corners of the four cross-logs, A and B. (Fig. 6.) Then get a lot of strong poles, about five feet long, and lay them close tugether along the two sides of the roof till it is covered with poles; putting a very heavy one, or small log, on the outer edge of each, and fastening it down with a pin into the ridge log. Cut two long poles and lay one on each of the lowe? ends ot the roof polo, as at A, B, a?d C (Fig. 7), pinning them to the side logs. _. Cover this roof with a foot o?i hay or straw or grass, aria cov?r6:z Boy Scouts that ? evenly with ?bout four inches of stiff clay. Pack ? down. It will soon squeeze all ttmt foot of straw down to little more than one inch, and will make a warm and water-tight roof. A? the day is very heavy, it is wise, before going inside, to test the roof by jumping on it. If it aves too much, it will be well to add a centre prop. Now for the door: Hew out planks; two should be enough. Fasten these together with two cross-pieces and one angle-piece, using oak pegs instead of nails, if you wish to be truly primitive. For these the holes should be bored part way with a gimlet, and a peg used larger than the hole. The lower end of the back prolank is left projecting in a point. (Fig. 8.) This point fits to a hole pecked with a point or bored with an auger into the door-sill. Bore another hole near the top of the door (A), anQ a corre- sponding one through the door-jamb between two logs. Set the door in place. A strip of rawMde leather, a limber willow branch, or a strip of Mckory put through the auger hole of the door and wedged into the hole in the jamb, makes a truly wild- wood hinge. A peg in the front jamb prevents the door going too far out, and a string and peg inside.answer for a latch. The window opening may be closed with a glass sash, with a piece of muslin, or with the rawMde of an animal, scraped dear of hair and stretched on a frame It now remains to chink and plaster the pl?ce. Chinking is best done from the inside. Long triangular strips and blocks of wood are driven in between the logs and fastened there with oak pins driven into the lower log till noth- ing but small crannies remain. Some cabins are finished with moss plugged into all the crannies, but mud worked into plaster does better. It should be put on the outside first, and afterward finished from the inside. It is best done really with two plasterers working together, one inside and one out. This completes the shanty, but a bunk and fireplace are usually added. The fireplace may be in one coroer, or in the middle of the encL It is easiest to make in the former. Across the coroer, peg three angle braces, each about three feet long. These are to prevent the chimney falling forward. Now begin to build with stone, using mud as mortar, ? fire- place this shape. (Fig. 9.) Make the opening about eighteen inches across; carry it up two feet hi&h?.dra?Ig?t?B a little, then lay a long stone acro? the fron?'?'?l?r'?'w?a?'e'?t'build upWoodcraft the flue behind the corner braces right up to the roof. The top comer-piece carries the rafter that may be cut off to let the flue out. Build the chimney up outside as high as the highest part of the ridge. But the ideal fireplace is made with the chimney on the o?s/d? of the cabin, at the middle of the end farthest from the door. For this you must cut a hole in the end log, like a big, low window, pegging a jamb on the ends as before. With stones and mud you now build a fireplace inside the shanty, with the big chimney carried up outside, always taking care that there are several inches of mud or stone between the fire and any of the logs. In country where stone cannot be found, the fireplace is often built of mud, susta/ned by an outside cribbing of logs. If the flue is fair size, that is, say one quarter the si?e of the fireplace opening, it will be sure to draw. The bunk should be made before the ch?nk? are plastered, as the hammering is apt to loosen the mud. Cut eight or ten poles a foot longer than you need the bunk; cut the end of each into a fiat board and drive these between the long logs at the right height and place for the bunk, supporting the other end on a crosspiece from a post to the wall. Put a very big pole on the outer side, and all is.ready for the bed; most woodsmen make this of small fir bough? There are two other well-known ways of cornering the logs--one is simply flattening the logs where they touch. This, as well as the first one, is known in the backwoods of Canada as ]wg-pen ?nish. The really skilful woodsmen of the North always d?vlail the corners and saw them flush: (Fig. xo.) Sometimes it is desirable to make a higher gable than .that which one ridge log can make. Then it is made thus: (Fig. x x.) This is as much slope as a clay roof should have; with any more, the clay would wash off. This is the simplest way to build a log-cabin, but it illustrates all the main principles of log building. Shingle roofs and gables, broad piazzas outside, and modern fitting inside, are often added nowadays in summer camps, but it must be clear that the more towny you make the cabin, the less woodsy it is, and less likely to be the complete rest and change that is desired. For fuller instructions, see "Log-Cabins a?,z?C?ff,?e By Win. S. Wicks? x9oo. (Pub. Forest a?/$/r?am, N. Y:).Boy Scouts ?k?o, "The Jar. k of All Trades." By Dan C. M?u?n? Di?n? * ? ?t of a t? is ?y meted when on a level, p?, by m?g the 1? of i? s?ow, ? coming ?t ?th yo? o? s?w, or ?t of a tcn-f?t ?le. The, ? tm-f?t ?le ? ?ng a ?tc?4?t s?dow, ?d ?e tr?'s ?dow is one h? and ?ty f?t long, apply But it is ?Idom ? ?y, ?d the g?d old ?e of ?e ?gle ? be ?ely ?t? on: Get a h? or more feet from your t? on o?n ?o?d? ? nearly ? ?ble on ?e level of i? ?. - Set up a ?n-f?t ?le (3 ?, p?e 65). Then mark the s?t where ?e e?ct line from the top of the tree over ?e top ? ?e ?le tou? ?e ?o?d (C). Now m?ure ?e ?ce from ?t s?t (C) to ?e f?t of the ten-f?t ?le (?); ?p? it ? twenty f?t. Me?e ?so ?e ?nce from ?t

. s?t (C) to the b?e of ?e t? (D); sup? it is one 
... h?ed ?d twenty f?t? ?en yo? problem is: 

? "x i.e., ff at ?at angle twenty feet from ?e ? ?. ,, eye ?v? ten feet elevation, one hundr? 7 ? .. and twenty feet m?t ?vc sixty. ? ', To ?e a rig? angle, make a tnangle ? ?, whose sides are e?ctly six, eight, and ? ', ten feet or ?ches e?h (or mui?pl? ' ? ', of ?). The angle optsite the ? ', ten m?t be a ?e gght angle. t rt ?? ',,: There are many wa? of ? ', me?u?g ?tance acro? ?',, ?ve?, etc., wi?out cmss- ? ', ?g. ?,, haps, ? by the ?t- ? eral tdangle. Cut ? ? three poles of ex- 3 .? ? ? acfiy ?ual len?; iff. ?g ?em toge?er To ?-?e a ?t ?-?e inca tdapgle. ?yWoodcraft 65 this on the bank of the river so one side points to some point on the opposite bank. Drive in th/ee pegs to mark the exact/ points of this triangle (A,B,C). Then move it along the bank until you find a place (F,E,G) where its base is on line with the two pegs, where the base used to be, and one side in line with the point across the river (D). The width of the river is raven eighths of the base of this great triangle.

,, 

Another method is by the isosceles triangle. Make a right- ngled triangle as above, with sides six, eight, and ten feet ?B,C); then, after fmnly fixing the fight angie, cut down t.he Measuring height of tree. eight.foot side to six feet. and saw off the ten-foot side to fit. Place this with the side D B on the river bank in line sight object (X) acr9ss. Put three pegs to n?I/'/t/d66 Boy Scouts corner places. Then take the triangle along the banit in the direction of C until. C' D' are in line with the sight object,

0'1'4 CTr? ' 

. ?-: ................................ ? , ---_--.- .... . .. $ H while B' C ' is in line '- withthepegsB C. Then ' ? the length of the long base B C' will equal the

. distance from B to X.

*'x To measure the space 

i between two distant ' objects, D and E. Line ? .4 B on one, then move this right-angled tri- angle until F G is lined '- on the other, with B G ? '?' in line with G H. B G equals the space ! ?! between D and E then. I If the distance is con- ] { siderable, it may be I measured sometimes r ? t by sound. Thus, when a gun is fired, a man 1 is chopping, or a dog J?" ?i barking, count the sec? onds between the sight and the hearing of the sound, and multiply by j/?.t?/ '",, eleven hundred feet, whizh is the distance To climb a tree that is too thick--Place a sound ttra.v. el?l?in a small tree against it. s?e?on?.Woodcraft (?7 Occasionallyi the distance 'of an upright bank, diff? or building can be measured by the echo. Haft the seconds between shout and echo multiplied by eleven hundred gives the distance in feet. The usual way to estimate long distances is by the time they take to cover. Thus, a good canoe on dead water goes four to five miles an hour. A rnnn a?oot walks three and a half miles an hour on good roads. A packtrain goes two and a haft miles an hour, or perhaps one and a haft on the mountain trails. A man's thumbis an 'tach wide. Span of thumb. and longest finger', nine iaches. Brisk w?lklng p?ee is one yard for men. .?,?' What To Do When Lost in tho Wo0d?* "Did you ever get lost in the woods?" ! once 'asked a com- pany of twenty campe N. Some answered,." Yesi once or twice. Others said, "Many a? time." 0nly two 'said? "?No; never." Then I said, turning to the two, "I know that all the others here have had plenty of experience, and that you two are the tenderfeet, and never lived in the woods." It is quite certain to come sooner or later; if you go camping, you will get lost in the woods. Hunters, I/?dians,'yes, b/rds and beasts, get lost-at times. You can avoid it for long 'by always raking your. bearings and noting the landscape before leaving the camp, and this you should always do; but still you will get lost some time, and it is well to be ready for it by carry- ing matches, knife, and compass. When you do 'miss your way, the first thing to remember is, like the Ind/an, "You are not lost; it is the t?epee that is lost." It isn't Serious. It cannot be so unless you do something foolish. The first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill, up a tree, or .other high lookout, and seek for some landmark near camp. You may be sure of this much: You are not nearly so far from camp as you think you are. Your friends will soon find you. You can help them best by signaling. The worst thing you can do is' to get frightened. The truly dangerous enemy is not the cold or the hunger so much as the fear. It is fear that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power; it is fear that tums the passing experience into a final tragedy. Only keep cool and all will be well.

• l?di*' Horn, Journal, October. 19o,. D,?z?cl ?,Google68 Boy Scouts

If there is snow on the grOUnd, you can follow your back track. If you see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fare. Shout from time to time, and wait; for though you have been away for hour? it is quite possible' you are within .earshot of your friends. If you happen to have a gun, fire it off twice in quick succession on your high lookout;. then Wait and lhten. Do this several times and wait plenty long enough- perhaps an hour. If this brings no help, send up a distress signal --tliat is, make two smoke fires by smothering two bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood, and keep them at least fifty feet apart, or .the wind will confuse them. Two shots or two smokes are usua? understood to mean "I am in trouble." Those in camp on seeing this should send up one smoke, which means, "Camp is here." If you have a dog or a horse with you, you may depend upon it he can bring you out all right; but usually you will have to rely on yourself. The simplest plan, when there is fresh snow and no wind is to follow your own track back.' No matter how far around or how crooked it may be, it will certainly bring you out safely. If you are sure of the general direction to the camp and deter- mined to keep moving, leave a note pinned on a tree.ff you have paper; if not, write with charcoal on a piece of wood, and also make a good smoke, so that you can come back to this spot if you choose. But make certain that the fire cannot run, by clearing the ground around it and by banking it around with sods. And mark your course by bre?ldng or cutting a twig e. very fifty feet. You can keep straig?ht by the sun, the moon, or the stars, but when they are unseen you must be guided by the compass. I do not believe much in guidance by what are called nature's compass signs. It is usual to say, for exs.mple, that the north side of the tree has the most moss or the south side the most limbs, etc. While these are true in general, there are so many exceptions that when alarmed and in doubt as to which is north, one is not in a/rame of mind to decide with certainty on such fine points. If a strong west wind, for example, was blowing when you left camp, and has blown ever since, you can be pretty sure it is still a west wind; but the only safe and certain natural com- pass guides are the sun, moon, and stars. The Pole or North Star, and the Great Bear (also called the Dipper and the Pointers), should be known tofo.ejcy?oy as they are to every Ind/an. The Pointers ?/?//?t?}//t theWoodcraft 69 -Pole-star. Of course, they go a?und it once in twenty-fo. ur hours, so this makes a kind of clock. The stars, then, will enable you to keep straight if ?ou traveJ. But thick woods, fog, or clouds are apt to come up, and without something to guide you, you are sure ?o ?o a?ound in a circle. Old woodsmen commonly follow down the streams. ?hese are certain to bring you out somewhere; but the very worst traveling is along the edges of the stream% and they take you a long way around. All things considered, it is usually best to stay right where you are, especially if in a wild country where there is no chance of finding a farm house. Make yourself comfortable for the night by gathering plenty of good .wood while it is daylight, and building a wind screen on .three sides, with the fire in front, and something to keep you off the ground. Do not worry, but keep up a good fire; and when day comes re- new your two smokes and wait. A good fire is the best friend of a l?t man_. I h?ve beealost a number of times, but always got out with- out serious trouble,. because I kept cool. The worst ]Ming I ever got was alter I had.been so long in the West that I qualified to act as a professional guide, and was engaged by a lot of Eastern farmers looking for land locations. This waa in, the. October of z883 on the Upper Asslnihoin. The main body of the farmers had remained behind. I had gone ahead with two of them. I took them over hundreds of miles of wild country. As we went northward the country improved. We were traveling with oxen, and it was our cus- t9m to let them graze for two hours at noon. One warm day, while the oxen were feeding, we went in our shirt sleeves to a distant butte that promised a lookout. We forgot about the lateness till the sun got low. Even then I could have got back to camp, but clouds came up and darkness fell quickly. Knowing the general direction I kept on, and after half an hour's tramp we came to a cation I had never seen before. I got out my compass and a match and found that I had been circling, as one is sure to do in the dark. I corrected the course and led off again. After another brief turn I struck another match and learned from the compass that I was again circling. This was discouraging, but with corrected course wc again tramped. I was leading, and suddenly the dark ground ten feet ahead of me turned gray. I could not make it.out, so went c?utio?ly nearer. I lay down, reached forth, and then sl?lyytnadoRi?e that wc were on the edge of a steep precipice. I backed?off,.70 Boy Scouts ao.d frankly told the men I did not know wlmre we were; I.got out my match box and compass and found I had but one match left. ? "Any of you got any matches?" I asked.."-No; left 'era all in our coa?s,'.' was their answer. - , "Well," said I, "I have one. Shall I use it to get a new course from the compass, or shall we make a fire and stay here till morning?" All voted to camp for the night. There was now a cold rain. We groped into a hollow where we got some dead wood, and by using our knives got some dry chips from the inside of a log. When all was ready we gathered dose around, and I got out the one match. I was about to strike it when the younger of the men said: "Say, Seton, you are not a smoker; Jack is. Hadn't you better give him that match?" There was sense in this. I have never in my life smoked. Jack was an old stager and an adept with matches. I handed it to'him. "Rrrp-?z" --and in a minute we had a fire. With the help of the firelight we now found plenty of dead wood; we made three blazing fires side by side, and after an hour we removed the centre one, then raked away all the hot ashes, and all lay down together on the warm ground. When the morning came the rain ceased. We stretched our stiflened limbs and made for camp. Yes, there it was in plain view two miles away across a fearful cation. Three steps more on that gloomy night and we should have been over the edge of that cation and dashed to the bottom. How to Make Fire by Rubbing Sticks "How do the' Indians make a fire without matches?" asked a boy who loved to "play Indian." Most of us have heard the answer to this.. "The Indians use a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did one hundred years ago, and before they had flint and steel they used rubbing-sticks." We have all read about bringing fire out of two sticks by rubbing them together. I tried it once for an hour, and I know now I never would have got it in a thousand years. as I was doing it. Others have had the same experience; consequentlY, most persons look upon this as a sort of fairy tale, or, if they believe it to be true, they thJolC it so difficult as to be worth no second thought. 'All scouts, I find, are surprised and great' .?,. ,t??? learn that not only is it possible, but it is easy, to make ? frictionWoodcraft 7i fire, if you knowhow; and hopeless, if yon don?t. I. have taught many boys'and'men (including some Indians) to.do it, and some have g?own so expert that they make it nearly as quickly as with an old-fashioned sulphur match. When I first learned from Walter Ito?h, who Ieaxr?ed from' the Indi?m? it took me from live to ten miautes to get a blazing rite- not half an hour, as some books have it. But later I got it down to a minute, then to thirty-one seconds from the time of taking up the rubbing-sticks to having a fine blaze, the .time in getting the first spark being about six seconds. My early efforts were inspired by book accounts of Indian methods, but, unfortunately, Ihave never yet seen a book ac- count that was accurate enough to gtdde any one successfully in the art of fire-making. All omit one or other of the absolute essentials, or dwell on some triviality. The impre,ion they leave on those who know is that the writers did not. The surest and easiest method of making a friction fire is by use of-the bow-drill. Two sticks, two toois, and some tinder are heeded. The two sticks are the drill and the fire-board, or fire-block. The books generally tell us that these must be of different kinds of wood. This is a mistake. I have uniformly gotten the best results with two pieces of the same kind -- all the better, indeed, if they are parts of the same stick. What Kind of Wood This is a very important question, as woods that are too hard, too soft, too wet, too ofiy, too gummy, or too resinous will not produce fire. The wood should be soft enough to wear away, else it produces no punlr, and hard enough to wear slowly, or the heat is not enough to light the punk, and, of course, it should be highly inflammable. Those that I have had the best luck with are balsam fir, cottonwood roots, tamarack, Euro- Dean latch, red cedar, white cedar, Oregon cedar, basswood, cypress, and sometimes second-growth white pine. It should always be a dry, sound stick, brash, but not in the least punky. In each part of the country there seems to be a kind of wood well suited for fire-making. The Eastern Indians used cedar; the Northern Indians, cedar or balsaan .fir; the plains Indians used cottonwood or sage-brush roots. Perhaps the most' reliable of all is dry and seasone, O. balsam fir; either the species in the North woods orV?z.?he?? will do. It gives a fine big spark or coal in about seven seconds.7z Boy Scouts When in the grinding the dust that runs out oo?rse and brown, it means that the wood is too soft; when it is very fine And scanty. it means that the wood is too hani,

The rubbing-sticks for fire-making x. The simplest k/nd of bow; a bent stick with a stout leather thong fastened at e?ch ead. It is about 27 inches long and ? inch thick. a. A more elaborate bow ?ith a hole at each end for the thong. At the handle end it goes thro?ugh a d/sc oi wood. This is to tighten the thong by pressure of the hand against the disc while using. 3. Simplest kind of dr/ll-socket; a pine or hemlock knot with a shallow hole or pit in it. $a is under view of same. It is about 4? inches long. 4. A more elaborate drill-socket; a pebble cemented with gum in a wooden holder. 4? is under view of same. $. A very elaborate drill-socket; it is made of tulip wood, carved to represent the Thunderbird. It has eyes of green felspar cemented in with resin. On the under side ($a) is seen, in the middle, a soapstone socket let into the wood and fastened with pine gum, and on the head a hole kept filled with grease, to grease the top of the drill before use. ' 6. The dril]; x2 to x8 inches long and about t inch thick; it is roughly eight-sided so the thong will not slip, and pointed at each end. The best wood for the drill is old, dr? brash, but not punky, balsam fir or cottonwood roots; but basswood, white cedar, red cedar, tamarack, and sometimes .even white pine, will do. 7. Fire-board or block; about ? inch thick and any length handy; notch with pit just begun, b shows the pit after once using and in good trim for second time, c shows the pit bored through and now useless; the notch is ?z inch wide and ? inch deep. 8. Shows the way of using the sticks. The block (4) is held d wn with one foot, the end of the drill (b) is put in the pit, th; drill-socket (c) is held on top in left hand, one end of the bow (d) is held in the right hand, while the bow is drawn back and forth. 9. Is a little .wooden fire-pan, not essential bu?i?//?l?n?,?hb? edge is put under the notch to catch the powder that falls.Woodcraft 75

I have made many experiments to determine whether there 

is anything in the idea that it is better to have the block and the drill of different woods. But no hybrid combination was so successful as "two of a kind." The drill and the bow and socket are fully described in the illustration. The prepaxing of the firg-board is one of the most important things. At the edge, cut a notch half an inch wide and about three fourths of an inch deep; at the top of this notch make pit or shallow hole, and the board is ready. The importance of this notch is such that it is useless to try fire-m?kiug without it. While these arc the essentials, it is well to get ready, also, some tiader. I have tried a great many different kinds of lint and punk, including a number that were artificially prepared, soaked with saltpctre or other combustibles. But these are not really fair play. The true woodcrafter limits him?ff to the things that he can get in the woods, and in all my recent fire-m?king I have contented myself with the tinder used for ages by the red men: that is, cedar wood finely shredded be- tween two stones. Some use the fringes that grow on birch, im- proving it by rubbing in powdered charcoal. Now that he has the tools and material ready, it will be an easy matter for the matchless castaway to produce a fire. Pass the leather thong once around the drill- and this should make the thong taut; put the lower point of the drill in the pit at the top of the notch in the fire-board, and hold the socket with the left hand on top of the drill. The notch of the fire-board should be resting on a chip or thin wooden tray. Hold the bow by the handle end in the right hand, steady the board under the left foot, and the left arm against the. left knee. Now draw the bow back and forth with steady, even strokes, its full length. This causes the drill to turn in the pit and bore into the wood; ground-up wood runs out of the side of the notch, falling on the chip or tray. At first it is brown; in two or three seconds it turns black, and then smokes; in five or six seconds it is giving off a cloud of smoke. A few more vigorous strokes of the bow, and now it will bc found that smoke still comes from the pile of black wood-dust on the chip. Fan this gently with the hand; the smoke increases, and in a few seconds you see a glowing coal in the middle of the dust. (There are never any visible flying sparks.) Now take a liberal pinch of the cedar teaspoonful; wrap this in some bark fibre or shredded ropeto74 Boy Scouts keep' it f?om blowing away. '.Hold it down on the coal, and, lifting tray and all, blow or'fan it until in a few seconds it blazes? ':Carefully pile over it the shre'ds of birch bark or splinters of ' fat pine 'pr/pared beforehand, a?d the fire i? made. If you have the right wood and still cannot get the fire, it is Hkely becat/se ?o/t do not hold the drill steady, or have not cut the side notch qu/te into the middle point of the little fire pit.

The' advantages of learning this method are threefold: 

First: Fire-making by friction is an interesting experiment in woodcraft. Second: A boy is better equipped haaring learned it. Hecan never afterward freeze to death for lack of matches ff he has wood and an old shoe lace. Third: For the very reason that it is diMcult, compared with matches, it tends to prevent the boys maJting unnecessary fires, and thus reduces the danger of their setting the woods ablaze or of smoking the forbidden cigarette. There is such a fascination in making the rubbing-stick that one of my Western cooks, becom/ng an expert, gave up the use of matches for a time and lit his morning fire with the fire- drill, and, indeed, he did not find it much slower than the usual way. Walter Hough told me a story of an Apache Indian who scoffed at the matches of white men, and claimed that he could light a fire with rubbing-sticks faster than Hough could with matches. So each made ready. They were waiting for the word "go" when the Indian said: ."Wait. I see if him fight." He gave a few strokes with the drill, and called --" Stop -- stop him no good." He rearranged the sticks, and tried a few more strokes. Just as Mr. Hough was going to strike the match, he said: "Stop--stop-- him no good." He did this three times before he called "Ready." Then the word "Go" was given. The white man' struck the slow, sizzling match. The Indian gave half a dozen twirls to the drill--the smoke burst forth. He covered it with the tinder, fanned a few seconds, then a bright flame arose, just before the white man got his twigs ablaze. So the Indian won, but it was by an Indian trick; for the three times. when he pretended to be t .rying it, he was really warming up the wood -- that is, doing a large part of the work. I am afraid that, deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair race. Yet' this incident shows at least that, in point or, speed, the old rubbing-sticks are not very far behlniP?t'lleb?l?e-as one might have' supposed. ' I'Woodcraft 75 It is, .indeed, a wonder that the soldiers at West Point are not taught this simple trick, when it is so e?tsily learned, and might some day.be the one thing to' save the lives of many of Archery - No woodcraft education is complete without ? knowledge of archery. It is a pity that this noble sport has fallen into dis- use. We shall find it essential to some of our best games. -The modem hunting gun is an irresistible weapon of wholesale murder, and is just as deadly no matter who pulls the trigger. It spreads terror as well as death by its loud discharge, and it leaves litfie dew as to who is responsible for 'the shot. Its deadly range is so fearfully great as to put all game at the mercy of the clumsiest tyro. Woodcraft, the oldest of all sciences and one of the best, has steadily declined since the coming of the gun, and it is entirely due to this same unbridled power that America has lost so many of her fine game animals. The bow is a far less destructive weapon, and to succeed 'at all in the chase the bowm?n must be a double-read forester. The bow is silent and it sends the arrow with exactly the same power that the bowman's ann puts into it -- no more, no less -- so it is really his own power that speeds the arrow. There is no question as to which hunter has the right to the game or is responsible for the shot when the arrow is there to tell. The gun stands for little skill, irresistible force supplied from-an outside:source, overwhelming unfair odds, and sure death to the victim. The bow, on the other hand, stands for all that 'is clever and fine in woodcraft; so, no guns or fire-arms of any kind are allowed in our boy scout camp. The Indian's bow was short, because, though less effident, it was easier to carry than a long one. Yet it did not lack power. It is said that the arrow head sometimes appeared on the far side of the buffalo it was fired into, and there is a tradition that Wah-na-tah, a Sioux chief, once shot his arrow through a cow buffalo and killed her calf that was running at the other side. But the long bow is more effective than the short one. The old English bowmen, the best the world has ever seen, always shot with the--long bow. The finest bows and arrows are those made by the profes- sional makers, but there is no reason why each boy should not make his own. ' According to several authorities the best bow wood? berry, osage-orange, sassafras, Southern cedar, black locust,76 Boy Scouts ?pple, black walnut, sl/ppery elm, ironwood, mountain ash, ?ickory, C?lifomia yew, and hemlock. Take & perfectly sound, straight, well-seasoned stick five or six feet long (your bow should be about as long as yourself); mark off a five-inch space/n the middle for the handle; leave shis round and a full inch thick; shave down the rest, fiat on one side fo? the front and round on the other/or the back, until it is abo?t one inch wide and three fourths of an inch thick next ?.he handle, tapering to about one half that at the ends, which are .then "m?cked," rdcked, or notched as shown in Cut I. These notches are tor the string, which is to be put on early. Draw She bow aow, fiat side out, not more than the proper distance, and note carefully which end bends the most; then shave down ihe other s/de until it bends evenly. The middle scarcely bends at .all The perfect shape, when bent, is shown in Cut .1?i. Trim the bow dawn to your strength and finish smoothly ?vith sand-papex and glass.- It should be straight when unstrung,

and austrun?.when not in use. Fancy curved bows are weak

affairs. The bow for our boy should require a power of. fifteen or twenty pounds (shown on a spring balance) to d?aw the string twenty-three inches from the bow; not more. The best string is of hemp or linen; it should be about five inches fwm she middle of .the bow when strung (Cut LI). The notches for .?he _?trlng shouk[ he t? thirda the depth. of the string. If yim have not a bought string make one of strong, unbleached linen thread twisted together. At one end the string, which is heaviest at the ends, should be fast knotted to the bow notch tCut V); at the other it should have a loop as shown in Cut IV. In the middle it should be lashed with fine sfik and wax for five inches, and the exact place marked where the arrow fits it. The arrow is more important than the bow. Any one can make a bow; few can make an arrow, for, as a Seminole Indian expressed it to ?VIaurice Thompson, "Any stick do for bow; good a?row much heap work, ugh." Hiawatha went all the way to Dakota to see the famous arrow maker. In England when the bow was the gun of the country, the bow maker was called a "bowyet," and the arrow maker a "fletcher" (from the Norman ,?&?/?, an arrow). So when men began to use surnames those v?ho excelled in arrow m?l?!ug were proud to be called the "Fle. tchers"; but to make a good bow was not a notable achieve- ment, hence few took "Bowyet" as their name. The first thing about an arrow is that it must be perfectly .strdght. "Strdght as an arrow" refer?g???self, not .to its flight; that is always curved. ?Woodcraft 77 .?.. ? ?.-?78 Boy Scouts The Indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of viburnum or arrow-wood, and of elder, but we make better arrows out of the solid heartwood of hard pine for target use, and of hickory or ash for hunting. The arrow should be twenty- five inches long, round, and three eighths of an inch thick, and have three feathers set as shown in Cut VI, about an inch from the notch. The feather B, that stands out at right angles to notch A, should always be awa$. from the bow in shooting. CORRECT FORM IN SHOOTING The d/.?gram at bottom is to show the centres of heels in llne with ?arget This is called the cock-feather, and it is usually marked or colored in some way to be quickly distinguished. Turkey and goose wing feathers are the best that grow in our country for arrow feathers. The Indians mostly use turkey. With a sharp knife cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vane of the feather; make three pieces, each two to three inches long. White men glue these on to the arrow._ The ?Indians leave the m/drib projecting at each end a?dl?(.?? theWoodcraft 79 feathers without gluing. The lashed feathers stand the weather better than' those glued, but do not fly so well. The Indians 'use sharp flint arrow heads for wax and for big game, but for. birds and small game they make arrow heads with a knob of hard wood or the knuckle bone of some small animal. The best arrowheads for our purpose are' like the ferrule of an um- ]bYella top; they receive the end of the shaft into them and keep it from splitting. One of the best arrows I ever shot with was twenty-eight inches long, five s'?teenths of an inch thick, had a fernde head and very small feathers. The finishing touch of an arrow is "painting" it. This is done for several purposes_: First, t9 preserve it from damp which---would twist-the $rrow and soften the glue that holds the feathers; second, each hunter paints all his arrows with his mark so as to know them; third, they'axe thus made bright- colored to help in finding them when lost. There are four other things required by our archer: A smoot]i,' hard arm-guard, or bracer, usually of hard leather. The Indians who use one make it of wood, grass? or rawhide. In photographs of famous Indians you may often see this on the left wrist, and will remember that it' was there as a protection from the blow of the bow cord. Some archers can shoot with the wrist bent so as to need no guard. The three middle fingers of the' right hand also need protection. An old leather glove, with thumb and little finger cut away, will do very well for this, though the ready-made tips at the archery stores are more convenient. ? 'Some archers who practise all their lives can shoot without protecting the fingers. The bow case and quiver are important. Any -kind of a cowr that will keep tliem from the rain, and hang onyour back, will do, but there are many little things that help to mal?e them handy. When the cover is off the arrows sliould project three or four inches so that they may be more easily drawn out. The' Indians often carried very beautiful quivers of buckskin orna- mented with quills and beads. One day out West I saw an Omaha brave with a bow case and quiver covered with very odd material -- a piece of common red and white cotton print. Wrhen allowed to examine it, I felt some' other material underneath the print. After a little dickering he sold me bow, arrows, quiver, and all for a couple of dollars. I then ripped open the print and found my first suspicions confirmed; for, underneath, the quiver was of buck- skin, beauti/ully embroidered with red feather?i? ?(?Oq??8o Boy Scouts quills of deep red and turquoi? blue. The Indian was as much puzzled by my preference for the quill work as I was by 'his for 'the cotton print. The standard target for men is four feet across with a nine- inch bull's-eye, and around that four rings, each four and three q. ua?er inches wide. The bull's-eye counts nine, the other rings seven, five, three, one. The bought targets are made of straw, but a good target may be made of a box filled with sods, or a bank covered with sacking on which are painted the usual rings. Now comes the most grip important point of all- _ how. to shoot. There are several ways of holding an arrow, but only one good one. Most boys know the ordinary finger and thumb pinch, or grip. This is all very well for a toy bow, but a hunter's bow cannot be drawn that way. No one has strength enough in his fingers for it. The true archer's grip of the arrow is shown in the cut. The thumb and little finger have nothing to do with it. As in golf and all such thl,?, there is a right "form." You attend to your end of the arrow's flight and the other will take care of itsel/. Stand perfecfiy straight. Plant your feet with the centres of the two heels in llne with the target. (Cutpage 78.) Grasp the bow in the middle with the left hand and place the arrow on the string at the left side of the bow. Hold the bow plumb, and draw as above till the notch of the arrow is right under your eye, and the head of the arrow back to the bow. The right elbow must be in the same line with the arrow. Let go the arrow by straightening the fingers a Httle, turning the hand out- ward at the bottom and drawing it back one inch. Alwao/s do this in exactly the same way and your shooting will be even. Your left hand should not move a hair's breadth until the arrow strikes the target. To begin shooting put the target very near, within fifteen or twenty yards; but the proper shooting distance when the archer is in good practice is forty yards for ?. four-foot target and thirty yards for a three-foot target. at ' , A good shot, shooting twelve arrows Digitized b?,?C?(?t ? score fifty.Woodcraft The Indians generally u?ed their bov? at short range, so that it was easy to hit the' mark. Rapid firing was important. In their archery competitions, therefore, the prize was given to the one who cotdd have the most arrows in the air at once. Their record, according to Carlin, was The Stars As Seen With the Naked Eye The chief works referred to in this are C. Flammarlon's "Popular Astronomy" (Gore's traimlation), and Garrett P. Serviss's "Astronomy with an Opera Glass."(Those who wish to go/arther a-sky are referred to these boole) Whether he expects to use them as guides or not, every boy should learn the principal constellations and the important stars. A non-scientific friend said to me once: "I am always glad that I learned the principal star group? when I was young. I have never forgotten them, and, no matter in what strange country I find myself, I can always look up at night, and see the old familiar stars that shone on me in my home in my own COttlltry?' All American boys know the Dipper'or Great Bear. This is, perhaps, the most important star gXoup in our sky, because of its size, peculiar form, and the fact that it never sets in our latitude, and last, that it always points out the Pole-star, and, for this reason, it is sometimes 'known as the Pointers. It is called the Dipper because.it is shaped like a dipper with a long, bent handle. Why it is called the Great Bear is not so easy to explain. The classical legend has it that the nymph Calisto, having violated her vow, was changed by Diana into a bear, which, after death, was immortalized in the sky by Zeus. Another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers, the Chaldeans, called these stars "the shining ones," and their word happened to be very like the Greek ar}tos (a bear). Another explanation (I do not know who is authority for either) is that vessels in olden days were named for animals, etc. They bore at the prow the carved effigy of the namesake, and if the Great Bear, for example, made several very happy voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the ascendant, that constellation mlabt become known as the Great Bear's constellation. Cer- tainly, there is nothing in its shape to justify few of the constellations, indeed, are like the thing they ayeBoy Scouts called after... Thei?.?.ames were usually tgyen fer some fanciful associatiOn';with. the. namesake, rather ?an ..for ?esemblance te it. . ...... ? The Pol .e-Sta.?.?.eally the most hnporta?t oR,the S ,tars in our bY; it marl? t?i?orth at all times; it 0.1o. ne/s fixed in the heavensi '?11 the'other stars seem to swing around it o?ce in twenty-four hours. It is in the end of the Little Bear's t?il. But the Pole-star, or Polaris, is not a very bright one, and it would be hard to .identify but for the help of the Dipper, or Pointers. ' '.'

. The ou?{.d.e ,(,Alph? and Beta) of the Dipper points nearly 

to Polaris,'a? a/li?t?nce equal to three and 'one half times the i?ace' that' t?.ara?s these' two stars of the Dipper's outer side. ' .... ". ? ' " Various Indian?"?tl the Pole-star the "Home Star," and '?The Star that Never Moyes." and the Dipper they call the "Broken Back." :: '""' ...... ' 'The last ?.?'?'? one in the Dipper, away from the p01e -- that is, the star ?'?e bend of the handle, --is known to astron- omers as Mi/iif,' 6n.e:0f the Horses. Just above it, and tucked Close in, 'is a tih?ller star known to astronomers as Alcor, or

e Rider. The.' hidians call these two the "Old Squaw and 

the Pappoose0fi"Her Back." In the old world, from very ancient times, these have been used as tests of eyesight. To be able to see Alcor ?ith' the naked eye means thai one has excellent ?eesight. S0 ? trio on the plains, the old folks would ask cMldr.?'?/? /!l,l?.t, "Can you see the pappoose 'on the old squaw s back?. ' And when the youngster saw it, and Proved' that 'he did by a right description, they rejoiced that he had the 'eye/ight wMch is the first requisite' of a good hunter. -'

The Great Bear is also'to be' remembered as the Pointers 

for another reaibn. It is the hour-hand of the woodman's dock. It goes ?nce arouhd the North Star in about twenty: four hours, th? same way as the sun, and for the same reason ? th?t'ii:'is the earth that is going and leaving them behind. ""; '

The time ill going. around is not exactly twenty-four hours, 

so that the positibn of the Pointers varies with the seasons, but, aS a rule, this f9r ?oodcraft purposes is near enough. The bowl of the Dipper swings'one and one half times the width of the . opening (i.z., fi?een degrees) in one hour. If it went a quarter of the circle, thag'would mean you had slept a anarter of a day, or'six hours. ' '" ?,?t,? ?oo?[ ? ..? ?:.Woodcraft 83 'Each fifteeh days the stars seem to be an hour earlier; in three months they gain one fourth of .the ci?le, and in a year gain the whole circle. According to Flaremarion, there are about seven thousand stars visible to the naked eye, and of those but nineteen are stars of the first magnitude. -Thirteen of them are visible in the latitude of New York, the other six belong to the South Polar Region of the sky. Here is Flaremarion's arrangement of them in order of seeming brightness. Those that can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere only, are in brackets: x. Sirius, the Dog-star. ?. [Canopus, of Argo.] 3. [Alpha, of the Centaur.] 4. Arcturus, of BoOtes. ' $. Vega, of the Lyre. 6. Rigel, of Orion's foot. 7. Capella, of Auriga. 8. Procyon, or the Little D?g-star. 9- Betelguese, of Orion's right shoulder. xo. [Beta, of the Centaur.l xx. [Achemar, of Eridanus.] x2. Aidebaran, of Taurus, the Bull's right eye. x3. Antares. of Scorpio. x4. [Alpha, of the Southern Cross.] x$. Altair, of the Eagle. x6. Spica, of Virgo. z?. Fomalhaut, of the Southern Fish. xS. [Beta, of the Southern Cross.] x9. Regulus, of the Lion. Orion Orion (O-ri-on), with its striking array of brilliant stars, Betelguese, Rige[, the Three Kings, etc., is generally admitted to be the finest constellation in the heavens. Orion was the hunter giant who went to Heaven when he died, and now marches around the great dome, but is seen only in the winter, because, during the summer, he passes over during daytime. Thus he is still the hunter's constellation. The three stars of his belt are called the "Three Kings." Sirius, the .Great Dog-star, is in the head of Orion's houna, and following farther back is the Little D?-starJ Procyon. Digitized b?/?.2?OO-8?I(?84 Boy Scouts' In old charts of the stars, Orion is shown with his hound, hunting the bull, Taurur. Pleiades Pleiades ('Ply-a-des) can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars between Aldebaran and Algol, or, a line drawn from the back bottom, through the front rim of the Dipper, about two Dipper lengths, touches this little group. They are not far from Aldebaran, being on the shoulder of the Bull, of which Aldebaran is the right eye. They may be considered the seven arrow wounds made by Orion. They are nearer the Pole-star than Aldebaran is, and on the side away from the Dipper; also, they are nearly on a line between Beta oI the Dipper (front bottom) and CapeHa. Serviss tells us that the Pleiades have a supposed connection with the Great Pyramid, because "about 2x7o B.C.. when the beginning of spr/ng coindried w/th the culmisatiom of the Pleiades at midlfight, that wonderfulWoodcraft 8 5 just at midnight, through the mysterious southward-pointing passage of the Pyramid." The Moon The moon ?s one fifth the diameter of the earth, about one fi/tieth of the bulk. and is about a quarter million miles away. Its course, while very irregular, is nearly the same as the ap? parent course of the sun. But "in whter the full moon is at an altitude in the sky near the lhnlt attained by the sun in summer, . and even? at certain times, five degrees higher. I? is ?he contrary in summer, a season when the moon remains very' low" (F.). The moon goes around the earth in 27? days. It loses nearly three fourths of an hour each night; that is, it rises that much later. BIRDgRAFT By ti? N? Assodaglo? of Aud?b?.$od?izs Any boy who cares enough for out-doors to be a scout is sure to want a good acquaintance with the birds. Even dull. people cannot hetp t?/ng not? o/om "littl?-brothe? o/the air;' on account o their beauty, their songs, and their wondrous flight. But most folks neve? take the trouble to try an?[ learn the names of any except a few common birds. Scouts whose eyes are sharp and ears are keen will find the study of birds a fascinating sport, which may prove to be the best fun that the woods provide. Knowing the Birds It is no easy matter, this trying to get to know the birds; but scouts are not looking for the easiest jobs, and it is great sport for them to follow some shy songster through the briery thicket until a really good look can be had, to sit stock still for half an hour to watch some unknown bird come home to her nest, or to wriggle on all fours through the grass to.have a Ellmpse over the top of the knoll at the ducks in the pool beyond. The only equipment necessary. for bird study is an opera or field glass, a note-book and a good bird reference book. As soon as you get a good look at a strange bird, notice its colors and markings, and then, if it moves, follow it up until you have seen practically all of its most prominent features. It will be impossible to carry these facts in your head, a?zun}?scso? definite memorandum is made at the time you will probab'Iy86 Boy Scouts be hopelessly perplexed when you go to consult the bird book later. As it is hard to jot down satisfactory .note? in the field, while catching fleeting g!an ?ces of .some timid bird, a handy little booklet has been prepared in' which observations can be recorded very rapidly. Thes? can be procured for fifteen cents apiece from the National Association of Audubon Societies, x974 Broadway., New York City. Location Date Hour'. Weather W'mc[ SIZE: Between sparrow and robin Smaller than wren Between robin and crow Between wren and sparrow Larger than crow SEEN Bushy places Swamp Near ground or high up Orchard Open countr? In heavy woods Garden Near water Nanle Order. Family Genus SpeciesWoodcraft" 8 3 ' Each booklet contains outline figures 'o?'.'t? 'five. leadi?.g.i types of bir?ds: (x) smallPerching birds,(e) ?ha'?ks, (3).snipes,. (4) herons, (?) ducks. On the Page opposit_?e i?? I.?.t of numbers corresponding to colors. You can quickly m.a? 6n the o?line the proper numbers, and note with your p.6hc.?"any ma?'? on' the bird. Then check the other d?ta on 'th'6'?page, add an),' additional memoranda, and you h?ve your "bird in the hand?' ready to take back .and look up at your le!s:?.!?.'. Careful Observation' "' Notice particularly the "range" of the birds in your reference book, and eliminate all those not stated as occurring in your territory. Notice too, dates of the birds' coming and going, and do not expect to find species at any other time of year than within the dates mentioned. By thus narrowing down the possibilities the task is much simplified. As a final resort, the NationalAssociation of Audubon Societies stands ready to help all scouts who are positively "stumped," and if the de- scriptive slips are mailed with return envelopes to the secretary of the association, x974 Broadway, New York City, an iden- tiffcation will be made, ff the information furnished renders it in any way possible. The next time you see a bird that you have once identified, you will probably remember its name, and in this way you will be surprised to find how rapidly your bird acquaintance will. grow. After a time even the flight of a bird or its song will be enough to reveal an old acquaintance, just as you can often ?. ognize a boy friend by his walk or the sound of his voice, thout seeing his face. And what a new jo?'in life there is for anybody that really knows .the birds about him... ,,?le can pick from the medley of bird songs the notes of the .individual singers; he know?when to look for old friends of the ?rear before; no countryside is ever lonely for him, for he finds birds every- where and knows that any moment he may make some rare discovery or see a bird before unknown to him. Bird Lists A scout should make a list of all the birds 'he has. positively'. identified. This is his "life list" and is added ? year by year.' In addition he will keep daily lists of the birds seen on special. trips in the field; Two or more patrols can eniOY a rivalry by covering different regions and 'se?ti?.?'?lti?lltJc5t?. t?- observe the largest variety of birds. Hundreits6f. well-knownWoocrtt 89 ?uiile. heart pa?.gs on.?e ? of .? ? ?. It '?t the b? ? ? on th? dometic dufi? ? ?o? ?uwerenotn?r. Ab?d?d?do?d?up n? the n?t l?e a Htfie t?t ? oit? ?ve o?? for ? allow one to ?me h t?s my. E? ?o?h ?e b?d I? ve? st?nge and out of p?e, ?e bk? ?n. ? ? get ? to it, ? long ? R ? mofio? ?d ?e inmate ?not be ?. A s?ple t?e of b?d ? ? ?ns?ct? by m?g ?e ? d long pi? of ?n doth toge? ?g ? ?e Wp ? a cord, ?d then ?aphg it over ? o? ?br? How to Photo?aph Fwm su? a ?g p?ce, photo?ap? ? dten d timid b? at ? n?. In attemp?g to ?e phot? Bkd b?d ?p? l? m? ? remem?red that cameras of the ?cket va?ety or fix? box t?e ?e almost us?. 'Most of them cabot ? work? without s?al at?men? at d? range t?n ? i?t, and, even ? ?e/oc? h courtly ?, ?e ?ge is apt W be v? ?H? '? ? work it ? far better W ?v?t in a ?p ?mera (?nd-hand if n? be) w? one ?n ob?in a d?te imge on the ?o?d where ?e plate or film is W be. F?us the ?era on ?me s?t where it ? expect? the bird ?ll come; us?lly ?s on ?e n?t or yo?g, ?metim? it is.?e f?d? a favorite pe?, or ?me iota of d?oy. The next r?ite h pa?? ?vet? op?rt?y ?v?, ?t off ?e ?utter by h?d h ?e9o Boy Scouts blind, or/whe ?e this is not-poss?q?le, by means o.f a long'threa/[? Idter' carefully hiding the camera with boughs, leave?' s0ds,'ete. How to Know An.idea o! the details' of a bird?s life wbich'a scout may come to know, may be had from 'the following table: L Description. (Size, form, ,,color, and markings.) ?. Haunts. (Upland, lowland, lakes, fivers, woods, fields, etc.)

3. 'Movements. (Slow or active, hops, walks, creeps, swims, tail 

. wagged, etc.) . 4. Appearance. (Alert, listless, crest erect, tail drooped, etC.) $. Disposition. (Solitary, flocki?, wary, unsuspicious, etc.) 6. Flight. (Slow, rapid, direct, undulating, soaring, sailing, flapping, etc.) ?. SOnic (Pleasing, unattractive, long, short, loud, faint, sung trom ?round, h-ore ?, perch, in the air, etc. Season of song.) 8. Call notes. (0/ surprise, alarm, protest, wamln?;.signa/ing, etc;) 9. 'Season. (Spring, fall, summer, winter, with times of arrival and departure and variations in numbers.) xo. Food. (Ben/es, insects, seeds, etc.; how secured.) XL Mating. (Habits during courtship.) x2. Nesting. (Choice o site, mater/al, construction, eg?s, incubation, etc.) x$. The young. (Food and care of, time in the nest, notes, actions, fi/?ht, etc.) So varied is a bird's life that there is still plenty to be learned about even our common birds. It is quite possible for a scout to discover some facts that have never yet been publ/shed in What One Boy Did A boy once originated the idea of varying the usual "bird's nesting" craze into a systematic study of the breed- ing of our common birds. In one spring he found within the limits of a single 'village one hundred and seventy robins' nests. "One hundred were in suitable situations on private places, forty-one were in woods, swamps and orchards, eight were p!aced un?der bridges (two being underd tl?lrders of Red-b?easted nuthatch the. railroad bridg,e)?'four wereWoodcraft 9! in quarries, sixteen were in barns, sheds, under piazzas, etc;, and one was on the ground at the foot of a bush."- In addition to searching out the birds in their natural haunts, there. is a great fascination in 'trying to attract them to our homes. During winter evenings boy scouts can busy them- selves making ,nesting boxes. Even an old cigar box or a to- mato can with a hole in it the size of a quarter will satisfy a house wren. Other boxes which Downy woodpecker are suitable for bluebirds, chick- a?lees, tree swallows, purple martins, alld starlings, will, if set up in March, often have tenants the very first season. In many cases it is feasible to have hinged doors or sides on the nesting boxes, so that they may occasionally be opened and the progress of events within observed. It is needless to ? add, however? that great caution must be exercised to desertion of the other disturbance of birds' home life. Under favorable circumstances, even some of the shyer inhabitants of the woods, such as woodpeckers, owls, and ducks can be to patronize artificial, it/es s if they are right and erected right. Caring for Birds Another way of ting birds in summer by providing drinking and bathing places. A little artificial pool pro-I tected from cats, will a source of joy to birds and of delight to ob .s. erver from morning night. APPly . to the Obse?'atlon box, oven92 Boy Scouts ?&tional ?tion of Audubon Societies for informatiol? as to where ready-made nest boxes and foun?in_s can be procured, also books on this subject, as well as on the subject of making friends of r ? _birds through feeding. The Bird Lunch Counter How best to feed the birds is almost an art in itself. A ?inter lunch counter spread with suet, nuts, hemp seed, meat, and crumbs will attract nuthatches, chickadees, downy and hairy woodpeckers, creep- ers, bluejays, etc. Canary seed, buckwheat, oats and hay- chaff-scatteredr on the ground House wrenand tomata-oa house beneath will provide an irresist- ible banquet for other feathered boardem. A feeding place of this sort can be arranged for convenient*observation from a window, and afford no end of diversion and instruction. But whether close to home or fat afield, the great secret of success in such work is regularity. Begin' to' put the food out early in November, and let the birds get to know that they are always sure to fmda supply of daintiesin a certain spot, and the new? will soon spread among them. In wintry weather, especially, it is amazing what can be accomplished by feeding the birds regularly, and at least the following birds have been induced to feed from the human hand: chickadee, white- breasted nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper, Carolina wren, cardinal, evening grosbeak, tufted titmouse, Canada jay, Florida jay, Oregon jay, and redpoll. Even in spring tiring patience has resulted in the gratification of this supreme ambition of the bird-lover, and bluebird, robin, catbird, chipping sparrow, oven- bird, brown thrasher and yellow-throated vireo have been known to feed from the hand of a trusted friend, even with plenty of food all around. Birch-bark What scout can add to this list? house Protecting the Birds Many a boy thinks that just bec?t?d?(?t3to?[?live and moves it is a proper target for his air rifle or hisUsling shot.Woodcraft 95 Letus be thankful that there has now arisen a new class o! boys, the scouts, who, like the knights of old, are champions of the ddeaceless, even the birds. Scouts are the birds'. police, and woe betide the lad who is caught with a nest and eggs, or the limp corpse of some leathered songster that he has slaugh- tered. Scouts know that there is no value in birds that are shot, exc. ept a few scientific specimens coRected by trained museum experts. Scouts will not com- mend a farmer for shooth? hawk or an owl as a harmful bird, even though it were see? to capture a young chicken. They will post themselves on the subject and find that most ha?ks and owls feed chiefly on field mice and large insects in- White-breasted nuthatch jurious. to the farmer's crops, and that thus, in spite o! an occasional toll on the poultry, they are as a whole of tre- mendous value. The way the birds help mankind is little short o! a marvel. A band of nuthatches worked all winter in a pear orchard near Rochester and rid the trees of a certain insect that had entirely de- s.troyed the ?rop of the pre- VIOlIS s-miner. A pair of rose-breasted grosbeal?s were seen to feed their nest of youngsters four hundred and twenty-six times in a day, each time with a billful of potato- bu?s or other insects. A pro- lessor in Washington counted two hundred and fifty tent caterpillars in the stomach of a dead yellow-billed cuckoo, and, Bluebird at entrance of nesting-box what appeals to us even more, five hundred bloodthirsty mosquitoes inside of one night-hawk. It must not be forgotten that large dry parks are among the best places for observing birds. As an example of what t-?n be accomplished, even with limited opportunities71therel? w?s a boy who happened to know where some ow/-?94 Boy Scouts Now all owls swallow their prey whole, and in digesting thi? food they disgorge the skulls, bones, fur, and feathem in the form of hard dry pellets. Thh boy used to go out on Saturday or Sunday afternoon and bring home his pockets full of pellets, and'then in the evening he would break them apart. In thi.? way he learned exactly wha[ the owls h4d been eating (without killing th?m) and he even discovered the skulls of certain field mice that naturalists had never known existed in. that region. He let the owi be his collector. Patrol Work It is a good idea to keep at patrol headquarters a large sheet on the wall, where a list of the year's bird observations can be tabulated. Each time a new bird is seen, its name is added, together with the initial of the observer, and after that its various occurrences are noted opposite its name. The keenest- eyed scouts are those whose initials appear most frequently in the table. In addition, the tables will show the ap- pearance and relative abundance of birds in a given locality. For patrols' of young boys, a plan of tacking up. a colored picture of each bird, as soon as it is thoroughly known, has been found very successful, and the result provides'a way to decorate the headquarters. Such pictures can be obtained very cheaply from the Perry Pictures Co., Boston, Mass., or the National Association of Audubon Societies, x974 Broadway, New York City. MOLLUSCA--She!Is and Shellfish By Dr. William He?d. zy Doll, of tk? United States Geological $u?vzy Among the shy and retiring animals which inhabit our woods and waters, or the borders of the sea, without making themselves conspicuous to man except when he seeks the larger ones for food, are the mollusca, usually con- founded with crabs and crayfish under the popular name of "shellfish," .except the few which have no external shell, which are generally called slugs. Hardly any part of the world (except deserts) is Fro. z without them, but, shy as they are, it White-lipped snail takes pretty sharp eyss?ko?O2d them. (Pol?gyra albolabris) Some come ou?ff?rhe?r'?g placesWoodcraft' 95 only at night, and nearly all our American kinds' live under. cover of some sort., The mollusks elm be conveniently divided 'into three groups: those which inhabit freak water, those which breathe air and live on dry land, and lastly those which are. 'confined to..the sea. The !and shells, or s!milsr h?,ve generally thin shells of spiral form and live up on vegetable matter, many of them laying small eggs which ,10ok like minute-pearls. Their .hiding places, are under leaves 'in. shady or moist places, under the bark of dead trees or stumps, or under loose stone. They creep.slowly and are. most tive after rain..Some of our larger kinds are an inch or.two in diameter, (see Fig. x., the white-lipped) but from this size there are others di- minishing in size to the smallest, which are hardly larger than the head of a pin. In collecting them th6 Httle ones may be allowed to dry Whelk (Buczlnurn up. ? The big ones must be killed in boiling water, when the animal can be pulled out with a hook made of a crooked pin, leaving the shell clean and perfect_ The slugs are not attract- ive on account of the ,slime which they throw out and can. only be kept in spirits. Some of the spedes found in Cai?o?a are as large as a small cigar? . but those of the states east.of the Rocky Moun- tains are smaller and .have mostly been intro- duced.from .Europe,- where. they do a lot of mis- chief by eating such garden plants as lettuce. Many of the freshwater snails are abundant in. brooks and ponds, and their relations, the fresh-water. mussels, are often very numerous in shallow rivers. They have a shell frequently Fig. $ beautifully pearly, white or. purple, and some- Pond snail (/;y- times have the brown outer skin prettily streaked mm?a palustris) with bright green. The principal fresh-water snails are the pond snail (Lymnaea; see Fig. 3); the Physa (see Fig. 6), which is remarkable for tinring the coil turned to the left instead of the right; and the orb-snail, (Planorb. is: see Fig. 4) which has its96 Boy Scouts these lay minute eggs in a mass of transparent jelly, and are to be found on lily pads and other water plants, or crawling on the bottom, while the mussels bury themselves more or !?ss in the mud or lie on the gravelly bottom of streams. There is also a very numerous tribe of small bivalve shells, varying from ?_?.?.. half an inch to very minute in size, ? which are ?_?.?.*? also mud lovers and are known as ?--?((?)? ] or Pisidium, having no "common" English /r [ ,,?,,,,?'?'? ] names, since only those who hunt for them ? know of their existence. On the seashore everyoody knows the mussel (Myglus: see Fig. S), the soft dam, ? the round dam, and the oyster, as these are sought for food; but there is a multitude of smaller bivalves which are not so well known. The sea-snails 'oest known on the coast north Fig. 4 of Chesapeake Bay are the whelk (Buc?inum., Orb-Shell (P/aso?- see Fig. 3), the sand snail or Nat?a, which bi? trivolds bores the round holes often found in dam shells on the beach, in order to suck the juices of its neighbors, and the' various kinds of peri- winkles (rock snails or Li#oriaa) /ound by the millions on the rocks between tlde?. These, as well as the limpets, Fig. 5 small boat-shaped or Black mussel (Myts'lu?) slipper-shaped conical shells found in similar places, are vegetable feeders. Altogether, there are several hundred kinds found on the seashore and the water near ? the shore, and a collection of them will not only contain many curious, pretty, and interesting things,. but will have the advantage of requiring no preservative to keep them in good condition after Fig. 6 the animal has been ?aken out. Bubble The squids, cuttle-fishes, octopus, ,and their snail (Pkysa allies are also mollusks, but not so accessible to l?o?.tro- the ordinary collector, and can only be kept in pi?) spirits. Books which may help the collector to identify the shells he may find are: For the land and fresh-water shells: ?t;?Woodcra{t 97 '? Mollusks of the Chicago Area" and ? The Lymumi&e of North Amer/ca."' By F. C. Baker. Published by the Chicago Academy of Sciences. For the American Marine Shells: Bulletin No. 37. Published by the United States National Museum, at W?_?h?n_oton. For shells in general: . ?The Shell Book." Published by Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N.Y. On the Pacific Coast the "West Coast Shells," by Prof. Josiah .Keep of Mil!.? Co?ege, will be found very useful. REPTILES By Dr. ? $tq?gcr, Curator National Muse?/? By reptiles we understand properly a certain class of verte- brate or backboned l?nlm?i.% which, on the whole, may be described as possessing scales or horny shields since most of them m?y be distingui.?hed by thlg outer covering, as the mammals by their hair and the birds by their feathers. Such aninmis as thousand-legs, scorpions, ta?ntulas, etc., though often erroneously referred to as reptiles, do not concern us in this connection. Among the living reptiles we distinguish four separate groups, the crocodiles, the turtles, the lizards, and the snakes. The crocodiles resemble lizards in shape, but are very much larger and live only in the tropics and the adjacent regions of the temperate zone. To this order belongs our North American alligator, which inhabits the states bordering the Gul/of Mexico and the coast country along the Atlantic Ocean as far north as North Carolina. They are hunted for their slrln, which furnishes an excellent leather for traveling bags, punes, etc., and because of the incessant pursuit are now becomln E quite rare in many localities where formerly they were numerous. The American crocodile, very much like the one occurring in the river Nile, is also found at the extreme southern end of Florida? The turtles are e?__sOy recognized by the bony covering which encases their body, and into which most spedes can withdraw thdr heads and legs for protection. This bony box is usually covered with horny plates, but in a large group, the so-called salt-shell turtles, the outer covering is a soft skin, thus fo ?nning & ?t?z?d b?oo?[98 Boy Scouts

notable exception to the rule that reptiles are chaxacterized 

by being covered with scales or plates. While most of the turtles live in fresh water or on land, a few species pass their lives in the open oceaa, only coming ashore during the breeding season to. deposit their eggs. Some of these marine turtles grow to an enormous size, sometimes reaching a weight of over eight hundred pounds. One of them is much sought for on account of the delicacy o[ its flesh; another because of the thickness and beauty of its horny plates which furnish the so-called tortoise-shell, an important article of commerce. Turtles appear to reach.a very old age, specimens having been known to have lived several hundred years. The box tortoise of our woods, the musk turtles, the snapping turtles are familiar examples of thin order, while the terrapin, which lives in brackhh ponds and swamps along our sea-coasts, is famous as a table delicacy. The lizards are four-legged reptiles, usually of nmall living on the ground or in the trees, but very rarely voluntarily entering water. The so-called water lizaxds are not lizards at all, but belong to the salamanders and are distinguished by having a naked body not covered with scales. Most of the true lizards are of very graceful form, exceedingly quick at running; others display the most.gorgeous coloration which, in many of them, such as 'the chameleons, changes according to the light, or the temperature, or the mood of the animal. Not all of them have four legs, however, there being a strong tendency to develop legle? spedes which then exter- naliy become so much like snakes that they are told apart with some difficulty. Thus our so-called glass-snake, common in the Southern states, is not a snake at all, but lizard, as we may easily see by observing Harlequin ,-?e the ear openings on each side of the head, as no snake has ears. This beautiful animal is also known as the joint-snake, and both names have refer- ence to the exceeding brittleness of its long tail, which often breaks in many pieces in the hands of the enemy trying to cap- ture the lizard. That these pieces ever join and heal t6gether is of course a silly fable. As a matter of fact, the body in a comparatively short time grows a new tail, which, bowever, much shorter and stumpier than the old one. The new piece is often of a different color from the rest of the ? andWoodcra/t 99 greatly resembles a "horn," being conical and pointed, and has thus given rise to another equally silly/able, v/s., that of the horn sn?lre, or hoop snake, which is said to have a sting in its tail and to be deadly poisonous. The lizards are all pedectly harmless, except the sluggish Gila monster (pronounced Heela, named from the Gila River in Arizona) which lives in the deserts of Arizona and Mexico, and whose bite may be fatal to m?n? The poison glands are situated at the point of the lower jaw, and the venom is taken up by the wound while .the animal hangs on to its victim with the tenadty of a bulldog. All the other lizards are harmless in spite of the dread/ul stories told about the deadly q?,?!ity of some of the spedes in various parts of The snakes form the last group of the reptiles. Universally legless, though some of the boas aud pythons have distinct outer rudiments of hind limbs, they are not easily mi-?taken. And it is perhaps well so, for unless one is an expert at distinguishing between the poisonous and the harmless kind it is just as well to keep at a respect/ul distance from them. It is safest not to interfere with them, espe- dally as those that are not poisonous are usually very useful in destroying rats and mice and other vermin, except perhaos those living in trees and feeding on eggs and young birds, which certainly do not deserve our protection. Of course Rattlesnake palate the rattlesnake is not to be mistaken. The horny appendix to its tail, with which it sounds the warning of its presence, is enough to distinguish it. It should here be explained that both lizards and snakes at various intervals shed the outer layer of their skin, the so-called epidermg. This transparent layer, after a certain length of time, loosens and is usually stripped off whole by the animal crawling out of it and turning it inz/deout, as a tight glove is turned. Now, at the end ca W ' 'IO0 Boy Scouts called the button, and being narrowed at the base and more strongly built than the rest of the epidermis it is not shed with the rest of the skin, but remains attached. Thus for each shed- cling a new joint or ring is added to the rattle. How often the shedding takes place depends on various circ?m.?tances and may occur an uncertain number of times each year. Such a rattle, loose-jointed as it is, is rather brittle and the tip of the sounding instrument is easily broken and lost. It will there- fore be easily understood that the common notion that a rattle- snake's age can be told by the number of the rings in its rattle is absolutely erroneous. Another equally common and equally erroneous notion.?elates to the tongue of the snake, wh/ch the f?gnorant often term its .!'sting" and which they believe to be 'fiae death-dealing instrument. Of course, the soft, forked tongue which constantly darts out and in of the snake's mouth is perfectly harmless. It serves rather as a "feeler" than as a taste organ. The wound is inflicted by a pair o large, curved, teeth or fangs, in the upper iaw. These fangs are hollow and connected by a duct with the gland on the side of the head, in which the poison is formed. Pressure on this gland at the time of the str/ke--for our poisonous snakes strike rather than bite -- squirts the poison into the wound like a hypodermic syr- inge. The Ia?gs when shed or damaged are replaced w/thin a short time with new ones, so that a poisonous snake can only be made harmless for a short per/od by breaking them off. Only in exceptional cases Copperhead need snake bites prove fatal. It is estimated that in North America only about two persons in a hundred bitten are killed by the poison, though many more die from care- lessness or bad treatment, the worst of which is ti? ??lli?g up urilh whiskey, which aids ttt, poison rather than counteracts it. The essential things in case of snake bite are: (z) keeping one's wits; (2) tying a string, or the like, tightly around the wounded limb between the wound and the heart, and loosen- ing it about once in fifteen minutes, so as to admit the poison alowty into the circulation; (3) making the wound bleed freql. y by enlarging it with a knife or otherwise; (4) if perman- ganate of pot?qh be handy it should at oncefiae apglied to the DigitizedWoodcraft ?o? wound; (5) treat the wound as ?ntiseptieally as it is possi'bie with the means at h?_.nd ?nd hur? to a doctor. The danger depends greatly on the amount of the poison injected, hence upon the size of the snake. It is for this reason that the big Florid? rattlesnakes which grow to six feet and over are more ?o be feared than are other poisonous snakes. Of these, ? '"? we have in our country, be- ?ides the r?ttlesnakes, the water moccasin, or cotton Water moccasin mouth, the copperhead, and the coral snake. The latter is a bright-colored .?nalre of red, yellow, andblack rings found in the South, but it is usu- ally small, and not aggressive, so that but few cases o/ poisoning are known. The other two axe common ellough, the former/rom Norfolk, Va., south, the other all over the eastern country from Texas to Massachusetts. They are usually confounded, however, with two perfecfiy harmless snake?, the' cotton mouth with the common water snake, the copperhead with the so-called spreading adder, but as their differences have to be learned from actual inspection and are very hard to express in a description which would help to idco- tify living specimens, it is wisest to keep away from all of them. See "The Poisonous Snakes of North America." ByLeonard $tejneger, publlsbz?i by Government Printing office, Washington. INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES* Unit,? Sto, Y,s Bureau of .E?o?logy There is an advaotage in the study of insects over most other branches of nature, excepting perhaps pla?ts, in that there is plenty of material. You may have to tramp miles to see a certain bird or wild animal, but if you will sit down on the first patch of grass you are sure to see something going on in the in- sect world. Butterflies Nearly all insects go through several different stages. The young b/rd is very much' like its parent, so is the Chry?. young squirrel or a young ? or ? -- 'iti ed 0 C ? ? D. Appleton & Compa,n,v.?oz Boy Scouts young fish or a young snail; but with most of the insects the young is very different from its parents. All butterflies and moths lay eggs, and these hatch into caterpillars which when full grown transform to what are-called pupae or chrys- alids- nearly motionless objects with all of the parts soldered together under an enveloping sheath. With some of the moths, the pupa? are surrounded 'by silk cocoons spun by the caterpillars just before finally transformin to pupre. With all butterflies the chrysalids are naked, except with one species which occurs in Central America in which there is a common silk cocoon. With the moths, the larger part spin cocoons, but some of them, like the owlet moths whose larv? are the cut- worms, have naked pupae, usnally under the surface of the ground. It is not difficult to study the transformations of the butterflies and moths, and it is ?lways very interesting to feed a caterpillar until it transfon?, in order to see what kind of a butterfly or moth comes out of the chrysalis. Take the monarch butterfly, for example: This is a large, reddish-brown butterfly, a strong flier, which is seen often flying about in the spring and agnin in the late. summer and autumn. This is one of the most remarkable butterflies in America. It is found all over the United States. It is one of the strongest fliers that we know. It passes the winter in the Southern states as an adult butterfly, probably hidden away in cracks under the bark of trees or elsewhere. When spring comes the butterflies come out and begin to fly toward the north. Wherever they find the milk-weed plant they stop and lay some eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars issue from the eggs, feed on the milkweed, transform to chrys?lids; then the butter- flies issue and continue the northward flight, stopping to lay eggs farther north on other milkweeds. By the end of June or July some Empty chrysalis of these Southern butterflies have found their and butterfly way north into Canad? and begin the re- turn flight southward. Along in early August they will be seefi at the summer resorts in the Catskill Mountains, and by the end of October they will have trave. led far down into the Southern states where they pass the winter. The caterpillar of the monarch or milkweed butterfly is a very. striking creature. It is nearly two inches long when full grown. Its head is yellow striped ?i? l?_?i?body is white with narrow black and yellow c?-?h?'e?'?fi?ch seg-Woodcraft merit. On the ba?k of the second segment of the thora? there is a pair of black, whiplash-like filaments, and on the eighth joint there is a similar shorter pair. When this caterpillar gets ready to transform to chrysalis, it hangs itself up by its tail end, the .?kln splits and gradually draws back, and the chrysalis itself is re- yealed -- pale pea-green in color with golden spots. Any one by hunting over a patch of milkweed anywhere in the United States during the sum- mer is quite apt to find these cater- pillars feeding. It will be easy to watch them and to see them trans- form, and eventually to get the Larva getting ready to butterfly. transform The same thing my be done with any one of the sk hundred and fifty-two different kinds of butterflies found in the United States. Full grown lar? Moths When it comes to moths, there is a much greater variety. Instead of six hundred and fifty-two, there are fifty-nine hundred and seventy in Doc- tor Dyar's big catalogue. Perhaps the most interesting of these caterpillars are the big native silk-worms, like those of the cecropia moth, the luna moth, the polyphemus moth, or the promethia moth. These caterpillars are very large and are to be found feeding upon the leaves of different trees, and all spin strong silken cocoons. People have tried to reel these cocoons, thinking that they might be able to use the silk to make silk cloth as with the domestic silk-worm of commerce, but thay have been unable to reel them properly. The polyphemus moth, for example, has been experimented with a great deal. It is found over a greater part of the United States, and its caterpillar feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs such as oak, butternut, hickory, basswood, elm, maple, birch, chestnut, sycamore, and many others. The caterpillar is light green and has raised lines of silvery white on the side. It grows to a very l,oa,?s?l?i[ spins a dense, hard cocoon, usually attached to ?e?ves.?"?lvh?4 Boy Scouts are two generations in the Southern states, and one 'in the Northern states. The moth which comes out of the cocoon has a wing spread of fully five inches. It is reddish-gray or some- what buff in color with darker bands near the edge of the wings, which themselves are pinkish on the outside, and with a large clear spot near the centre of the forewing a?d a regular eyespot (clear in part and blue in the rest)'in the cen- tre of the hind wing. One wishing to know about butterflies and moths should consult a book entitled, "How to Know the Butterflies," by Prof. J. H. Comstock of Cor- nell Univeristy and his wife, Mrs. Comstock, published by D. Appleton & Co., of New York, or, "The Butterfly Book," by Dr. W. J. Holland of Pittsburg, published by Doubleday, Page & Co., .of New York, a?d "The ?VIoth Book," also by Doctor Holland, Caterpillar to chry?l?s and published by the s?me firm. Other Insects There are many more different kinds of insects tha? there are of flowering plants, and ff we were to add together all of the different kinds of birds, mammals? reptiles, fishes, crabs, mollusks, and all of the lower forms of animal life, they would not ?ll together amount to so many different kinds as there are insects. This makes the classification of insects quite com- plicated. There are eighteen or nineteen main orders, a?d each one is subdiv/ded almost indefinitely. There is not one of these that is not full of interest. The habits of ants, for ex- ample, living in communities by themselves, afford a tremend- ous opportunity for interesting observation. A good book about them has been recently written by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Harvard, entified "Ants, their Structure, Development, and Behavior," published by the Columbia/oh?iy?e?/ty Press, New York. DigitizedWoodcraft Many insects live in the water, and to follow. their life histories in small home-made aquaria is one of the most interesting occupations one could have, and there is a lot to be learned about these insects. Go to any stagnant pool and you will find it swarming with ani- mal life: Larvze or "wigglers" of mosquitoes, and a num- ber of other aquatic insects will be found, feeding upon these wigglers. Water bugs of different kinds will 'be found and the life histories of most of these were until quite recently almost unknown.

Beetles and Wasps The order Coleoptera, comprising what we know as beetles, has thousands of species, each one with its own distinctive mode of life; some of them feeding upon other insects, others boring into wood, others feeding upon flowers, others upon leaves, and so on in endless variety. The wasps also will bear study. Here, too, there is a great variety, some of them building the paper nests known to every one, others burrowLug into the surface of the ground and storing up in these burrows grasshoppers and other insects for food for their young which are grub-like in form; others still burrowing into the twigs of bushes, and others making mud nests attached to the trunks of trees or to the clapboards of houses or outbuildings. This is just a hint at the endless variety of habits of insects. The United States National Museum publishes a bulletin, by Mr. Nath?an_ Banks, entitled "Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects," wkich g/ves a general outline of the classification, and should be possessed by every one who wishes to take up the study from the beginning. FISHES By Dr. H?gk M. Smirk, Deputy Commissioner Uni4 rl States There is no more fascinating and profitable study than the fish life of the lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks, bays, estuaries, and coasts of the United States; and no more important service can be rendered our American boys than to teach them to become familiar with our native food ilsties, to realize their needs, and by example?/ti//flO6 Boy Scouts Esox lucius Common pike pickerel Oncorhynlius tstiawyt?cha Chinook salmon Coregonus clupdformis Common whitefish Salvelinus fontinaIls Brook trout: speckled trout Ictalurus punctatus The speckled catfish endeavor to secure for the fishes fair consider- ation and treatment. Classes of Fish Fishes may berough- ly classified as (i) fresh water, (2) migratory between fresh and salt water, and (3) marine. Among the families of American fresh-water fishes that are con- spicuous on account of their size, abundance, or econom/c impor- tance, or all of these, there may be men- tioned the sturgeons, the catfishes, the suck- ers, the minnows or carps, the pikes, the killifishes, the trouts, salmons, a?d white- fishes, the perches, and the basses, and sun fishes. bligratory Fish The migratory fishes fall into two groups, the anadromous and the catadromous. The anadromous fishes pass most of their lives in the sea, run up stream only for the purpose of spawning, and con- stitute the most valu- able of our river fishes. In this group are the shads and the alewives or river herrings, the white ve?h?.tl?ped ba?t%?rb?l? '?[?11,t%omeof the sturgeons, and the Atlantic salmon, all of which go back to sea after spawning, and the Pacific salmons(five species), all of which die after spawning. Of the catadromous fishes there is a single example in our waters- the common eel. It spend? most of it? life in the fresh waters and some- times becomes perman- ently landlocked there, and runs down to the sea to spawn, laying its eggs off shore in deep water. Marine Fish The marine fishes that axe found in the coastal waters of the United Stat?s number many hundred species, ?ome of them of great value as food. Among the most important are cod, haddock, hake, halibut, floun- der, herrLag, bluefish, mackeral, weakfish or aqueteague, m u 11 e t, snapper, drum, and rock fishes. Studying Fish The study of living f?es is most entertain- ing and is rendered somewhat difficult by the medium in which they live, by their Woodcraft Yellow perch Pomolob?t? The alewife or river herring Micropterus salmoides Large-mouth black bass Notropis kudsonius Minnow or ?hiner Acipenser oxyr ,c? ?b?s? ]'he Atlantic sturgeonIO8 Boy Scouts shyness, and by the necessity of approach/ng closely in order to obtain any accurate view. The spawning, feeding, swimming and other habits of very few of our fishes are so well known that further information thereon is not needed; and the boy scout's patience, skill, and powers of observation will be reflected in the records that may be and should be kept about the different fishes met with. Fishes may be studied from a bank, wharf, orboat, or by wading; and the view Of the bottom and the fishes on or Fundulus diapl?nu,? adjacent thereto may ?]]i?ash: top mlnnow be greatly improved by the use of a "water bucket" -- an ordinary wooden pail whose bottom is replaced by a piece of window glass. A more elaborate arrangement for observation is to provide at the bow of a row-boat a glass bottom box over which may be thrown a hood so that the stu- dent is invisible to the fishes. Identification of Specimens While many of the fishes in a given section are easily rec- ognizable, there are in every water fishes which, on account of their stoa/1 size, rarity, retiring habits, or dose similarity to other fiShes, are ,nlraown to the average boy. These latter fishes often afford the most interesting subjects for study; and in all Parts of the country it is possible for energetic observers and collectors to add to the list of fishes al- ready recorded from particular districts. When fishes cannot be identified in the field, the larger ones may be sketched and notes taken on their color, while the snmller Catostonms c?r?nnwsonli Common sucker: wMte sucker ones may be preserved with salt, formalin, or any kind of spirits. Spedmens and drawings may be forwarded for identification to the zo61ogical department of the local state university, to the state fish commission, to the Bureau of Fish- eries, Washington, D.C., or to the U?,?b??tional Museum in the same city,Woodcraft Angling Th/s most del/ghtful of outdoor pastimes requires for its enjoyment no elaborate or expensive paraphernalia: a rod cut on the spot, a cork float, an ordinary hook baited with angie- worm, grasshopper, grub, may-fly, or any of a dozen other handy lures, will answer for most occasions. At the same t/me, the joys of fishing w/II often be increased if one possesses and learns how to use a light, jointed rod, with reel, fine line, and artificial baits. The necessary equipment for sdentific angling is so l/ght and compact that it should form a part of the outfit of every one who spends much time in the open air. It should be the invariable pract/ce of anglers to return to the water a?l uninjured fish that are not needed for food or study. "It is not all of fishing to fish," and no thoughtful boy who has the interests of the country at heart, and no lover of nature, will go fishing merely for the purpose of catching the longest possible string of fish, thus placing him.?elf in the class of anglers properly known as "fish hogs." Special Servlce by Boy Scouts Valuable service may be rendered by boy scouts in all parts of the country by bringing to the attention of the proper state, county, or municipal authorities matters affecting the welfare of the fishes. Among the subjects that should be reported to fish commitloners , fish wardens, or local legal officers are: (x) All cases noticed where fish are being killed by dynamite, poisons, or other illegal aad improper means. (:) Threatened destruction of fish by the drying of streams or ponds. (3) The existence of obstructions to the pasaage of fish on their w?y to their ?oawnlng grounds. All dams in streams in which are migratory f?h ahould have fish-ways or f?h-ladder?. Aquarium William l. zlamt $toa?ll, M.D. Every boy should have an aquarium. The aquarium will give ten times as much pleasure as annoyance, and the longer tithe you have one undisturbed the greater will be its revelations. A simple tank can be made from a large water bottle or demijohn. File a line around the top and carebally break it off. For the back yard, cut a paint barrel in two or coat tub inside with spar varnLgh. Anything that will hold a few gallons of water, two inches of dean sand, and ?ome water plant? wifi be a suitable home for fish and other creatures. A boy hsnd with tools can make a frame, and with plate glass and proper cement construct a large fa, i?.Boy Scouts You can balance plenty of plants. As off oxygen which is breathed by the fish. Thewater need not be changed for years. The swamps and slow strcams af- ford great numbers of plants. If you know the plants get pond weeds, Cana- dian water weed, ludwigia, willow moss, or tape grass. (Look in the dic- tionary for of?da! squarlum names of the plants or get special books from the library.) Take some tape grass (?a?lisneria) to your teacher or doctor and ask Mm to show you under his microscope how the sap flows and the green coloring matter is deposited. The simplest form of vegetation ?s algae which grows on the s?des of the tank. Lest this grow too thick? put in a few snails. Watch the snails' eggs develop in clusters. Buy ff you cannot find banded swamp snails that give birth to their young instead of laying eggs. Any pond or stream will furnish fish that are beautiful or interesting to watch, e.g., k?llles? sunfish, cat-fish, carp, shluers? blacknosed da?e, minnows- the mud minnow that seems to stand on Ms tail m darters, etc. If you get your supply from dealers, buy gold fish, of which there are several varleties? fan- tailed, comets, fringe tails and telescope eyed. Mirror carp are lively. Paradise fish are as beautiful as butterflies. Fish Nests Every one knows something of birds' nests. Did you ever watch sticklebacks build their barrel-like nest, or the Paradise fish Ms floating nest, and the father fish take all the care of the young? Did you ever see the newt roll her eggs in small leaves, or the caddis fly make a case of bits of stick, leaves, and sand? For a real nmrvel watch a pair of diving spiders weave their balloon-like nest under water and actually carry air down to fill it, so that the young nmy be dry though subn?rged.Woodcraft I 1 I Put in a few fresh-water clams and insects in variety, water boatmen, diving spiders, and whirligigs. A tank of beetles will be full of interest. Always add two or three tadpoles as scavengers, and watch their legs grow out as the tail grows short and they become frogs. You can find or buy a vaxiety of turtles which will soon be tame and eat from your fingers. Do not keep turtles with fish. On every hike or tramp carry a wide-mouthed bottle for speci- mens a?d a piece of rubbe? cloth in which to bring home water plants. Fish can be carried wrapped in damp moss for .hours and will be found well and lively when put in the aquarium. Fish Food Fish require very little food other than the minute creatures that develop in the water. The dealers supply proper foods for aquarla, or YOu can pre- pare your own. Fine vermicelli is good for gold fish, scraped lean beef is just what the sunfish and Paradise fish want. Ant eggs suit many fish, and powdered dog biscuit will fill many mouths. It ?s evident that an article so brief as ? ?s only suggestive. Thelibraries contain many books of which two axe recommended: "Home Aquarium and How to Care For It." By Eugene Smith, x9o?. Published by Dutton, New York. "Book of Aquatia." By Bateman and Bemaett, x89o. Published by L. Upcott Gill, x?o Strand, W. C., I?ondon. ROCKS AND PEBBLES Unikg $lale. v Geological Survey Geologists study the materials of the earth's crust, the pro- cesses continually changing its surface, and the forms and structures thus produced. In a day's tramp one may see much under each of these heads. The earth's crust is made up chiefly of the hard rocks, which. outcrop in many places, but axe largely covered by thin, loose, sur- face matexlals. Rocks may he igneous, which have cooled from a melted condition; or sedimentary, which are made of layers spread one upon another by water currents or waves, or by winds. Igneous rocks, while still molten, have been forced into other rocks from below, or poured out on the surface from volcanoes. They axe chiefly made of crystals of various minerals, such as quartz, felspar, mica, and pyrite. Granite often contains large crystals of felspar or mica. Some igneous rocks, espe- cially lavas, are glassy; others are so fine grained tlmt the crystals cannot be seen. In places one may find veins filling cracks in th'?-oCk?lgnd Digitized byWoodcraft x 17 smoother and rounder oufiines, as compared with those farther south where the land has been carved only by rain and streams. Along the coast the wearing away of the land by waves is shown at cliffs, found where the coast is high, and by the abundant pebbles on the beaches, which are built of material torn from the land by the waves. Sand bars and tidal fiats show the deposition of material brought by streams and spread out by currents. Sand dunes and barrens illustrate the carry- ing and spreading out of fine material by the wind. In many regions the beds of sedimentary rocks, which must have been nearly horizontal when formed, are now found slo- ping at various angles or standing on edge, the result of slow de- forming of these beds at an earlier time. As some beds a?e more easily worn away than others, the hills and valleys in such regions owe their form and posit/on largely to the different extent to which the harder and softer beds have been worn down by weather and by streams. The irregular line of many coasts is likew/se due to the different hardness of the rocks along the shore. It is by the study of the rocks and of the remalna of life found in them, by observing the way in which the surface of the earth is being Changed and examining the results of those changes and by concluding that similar results were produced ?/la former times in the same way, that geologists are able to much of the past history of the earth? uncounted years there were men upon it. Plants, Ferns, and Orasses ?L. C. Co?b?, Horti?ulturlsi, United $tate? Bureau of Plant Industry appearance of the blossoms and fru/ts of the fields and in any locality note the advent and progress of the more accurately than does the calendar. Plants and have lain asleep during the winter are awakened by the birth of a month, but by the return of heat and in proper proportions. This may be early one year late another, but, no matter what the calendar says? the to the call and give evidence of spring? summer, Illthran as the case may be. The surface of the earth is not We have valleys and we have mountaim; we have torr/d we have temperate zones. The plant life of the world been adjusted to these varied condit/ons? and as a result have plants with certain character/st/cs growinl?!?il?.?t? trop/cs at? sea-level, but a very different class'?ft?ar?l?u? ?I I8 Boy Scouts d/fierent habits and characteristics inhabiting the elevated re- gions of this same zone. It must be remembered that even under the tropics some of the highest mount?in.? carry a per- petual snow-cap. There is therefore all possible gradations of climate from sea-level to the top of such moun?in_.% even at the equator, a?d plant life is as a result as var/ed as is climate. Each zone, whether determined by latitude or by alt/tude, possesses a distinctive flora. But altitude and latitude are not the only factors which have been instrumental in determining the plants found in any particular locality. This old earth of our? has noi always been as we see her to-day. The nature we know and observe is quite different from that which e?ted in earlier ages of the earth's history. The plants, the trees, aad the flowers that existed upon the earth during the age when our coal was being deposited were very different from those we now have. There ha? been a change, but, strange as it may seem, there are in some places upon the earth to-day some of the same species of phmts which were abundsn during the coal-formlng periods. These axe among the oldest representatives of the plant world now extant. Then we are told that there was a period when the north temperate zone was covered with a great ice field which crowded down as fax as southern Pannsylvauia and central Ohio. Tkis naturally brought about a profound change in the location and character of the plants of this region. There axe in the Black Hills of Dakota species of plants which have no relatives anywhere in the prairie region, and no means is known by which these representatives of a Rocky Mountain family could find their way into the Black Hills, save that, previous to the ice age, thi.? species was generally scattered over the territory, and that, during the ice age, the spedes was per- petuated in the hill% but was killed out between there and the Rocky Mountains where it is found in abundance. These are some of the natural reasons for the existence of varied plants in different localities. They axe sufficient to explain the reason for the existence of local floras. But nature has provided untold ways for the perpetuation as well as the dispersal of plants for the purpose of, so far as possible, enabling the plants of the world to take possession of all parts of the eaxth's surface. If this adjustment were complete, the plants would be practically ?llke all over the surface of the eaxth, but we have already explained why this cannot be and why we have a different flo?. ?in? _epoch zone, whether it be marked by lines of la?i?ade?? of theI? Boy Scouts mountains. Plants are perpetuated by seeds, by bulbs, and by woody parts. Some seeds are highly perishable and must be sown as soon as ripe; others remain years without losing their power ' tO produce plants. Some grow as soon as they come in con- ta'ct with the soil; others must fall, be buried and, frozen before they ? germinate. Some plants axe perpetuated by bulbs, tubers, or roots in which a supply of food material is stored away to carry the plant over a period when its above-ground parts cannot thrive owing to frost or drought. Upon the '- return of favorable conditions, these resting parts throw out shoots and again make the round of growth, usually producing both seeds and underground paxts for the preservation of the species. There are both wild and cultivated plants in nearly all sections which illustrate these methods of preservation. Besides plants which have bulbs, tubers, or perennial roots, we have the large, woody plants which live many years and so perpetuate themselves, not only as individuals the same as plants with perennial roots ? but they, too, as a rule, produce seed for the multiplication of their k/nd. The agencies which serve to spread plants about over the earth's surface are very varied and interesting. Nature has provided seeds with many appendages which assist in their dispersal. Some seeds have wings, and some parachutes to take advantage of the' wind. Some seeds axe provided with hooks and stickers by which they become attached to the fur of animals and are in this way enabled to steal a free ride. Other seeds axe provided with edible coverings which attract birds, but the seeds themselves are hard. and not digestible; the fruit is eaten and the seeds rejected and ?o plants are scattered. Besides these methods of perpetuation and dispersal, some plants are perpetuated as well as dispersed by vegetative reproduction, i.e., by cuttings as in the case of willows; by runners as in the case of the strawberry; and by stolons as with the black raspberry. (For further information on this point see Bailey's "Lessons with Plants.") Some plant characteristics, however, of greatest interest to the scout may be enumerated. Plants not only mark zones, but they indicate soils with certain characteristics, and the crop wise say that the soft on which chestnut abounds is suit- able for buckwheat or peaches. Plants also indicate the in- fiuence of local conditions such as lakes, ponds, or even varia- tions in contour. A knowledge of the local flora of a region will at once tell one whether he is upon a nort?r?n?or?j?southern hillside by the plants of the area. ?heb??tom willWoodcraft x 2 I abound with species not to be found on the hillsides, but spedes common to both plain and mountain will mark the progress of the season up the slope. In the north temperate zone the moss if any will be found growing upon the north side of the tree trunk. Each hundred feet of elevation in a given latitude makes from one to two days difference in time of blooming. of plants. The character of the vegetation of a region is an index to its climate. Certain plants are adapted to frigid regions, others to temperate, and still others to tropical areas. Some plants are adapted to humid sections, while others are admirably adjusted to desert condi- tions. A knowledge of these differences in plants will be of the greatest value to the scout, and if this is supplemented by information about the value and uses of the vations plant pro- ducts many hardships can be avoided. Many plants produce valuable juices, gum% and resins, while others yield us valuable timber for building and cabinet uses. While it is impossible to even suggest the great variety of 'plants found within the confanes of the United States, the fol- lowing books on botany will be found helpful in each of the different sections for which they are designed. Bibliography For the botany of the Northeastern United States use: "New Manual of Botany," 7th ed. Asa Gray. "Illustrated Flora of the United Sates and Canada." N.L. Brl?o? and Hon. Addison Brown. For the botany of the Southern United States use: "Flora of the Southern United States." A.W. Chapman, "Southern Wild Flowers and Trees." Alice Lounsberry. For the Botany of the Rocky Mountain region use: "New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains." John M. Coulter; Revised by Aven Nelson. "Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies." Burton O. Longyear. "The Trees of California." Willis Lion Jepson. For general information regarding the shrubby plants of the United States use: "Our Shrubs of the United States." Austin C. Apgar. "Our Northern Shrubs." Harriet Louise Kceler. For the wild flowers outside of those already mentioned for the Southern United States and the Rocky Mountain region me: "Our Garden Flowers2' Harriet Louise Keeler. "How to Know the W'dd Flowers." Frances Thegi!9??Q[C "Field Book of American Wild Flowers." F. Schu?f-Mi?the?vs? o122 Boy Scouts For the ferns and grasses it will be found worth while to consult: "How to Know the Ferns." Frances Theodora Paxsons. "The Fern Co!lector's Guide." Willard Nelson Clute. "New England Ferns and Their Common Allies." Helen Eastman. "The Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes of the North United States." Edward Knobel. For the study of the monarchs of our forests the following books will all be found exceedingly useful: "Manual of the Trees of North America." C!mrles Sprague Sargent. "Trees of the Northern United States." Austin C. Apgar. "Handbook of the Trees of the Northern United States and Canada." Romeya Beck Hough. "North American Trees." N. L. Britton. ?Farnillar Trees and Their Leaves." x9xx. F. Schuyler Mathews. Besides these, several states have issued through their state experiment stations bulletln-? dealing with the local plant inhabitants. In some instances these publications cover forest trees, grasses, and shrubs, either native or introduced. Several of the educational institutions, as well as the experiment sta- tions, now regularly issue nature study leaflets or bulletins which treat of popular subjects of interest in connection with' outdoor tkings. It would be well to write the state e_ ?pe?ent station in your state for literature of this nature. MUSHROOMS, FUNO!, OR TOADSTOOLS By F.?nes? Timmpson Seton, C?ief Scout Revised by Dr. C. C. Curtis There are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mush- rooms in the world; most of them are good to eat, yet all have a bad reputation, because some re deadly poisonous. False tests. First of all let us dispose of some ancient false tests that have led many into disaster. Cooking or otherwise trying with silver proves absolutely nothing. It is believed by many that the poisonous mush- rooms turn silver black. Some do; some do not; and some eatable ones do. There is nothing in it. Bright colors on the cap also mean nothing: anam?clt9rgeous toadstools are wholesome food. But tli? -?o?or o?t?t?poresWoodcraft x z 3 means a great deal, and this is determined by laying the fungus cap gills down on gray paper for six or eight hours under a glass. Moc6e horn dayaria Spindle davarla Club davaria Golden davaria Poisonous Toadstools Of all the poisonous kinds the deadliest are the Amanitas. Not only are they widespread and abundant, but they are unhappily much like the ordinary table mushrooms. They have however one or two strong marks: Their stalk always grows out of a "poison cup" which shows either as a cup or as a bulb; they have white or yellow gills, and white spores. The worst of these are: Deathcup, Destroying Angel, Sure=death, or Deadly Amanita ( A ntonira phalloides ) One and one half to five inches across the cup; thre?to seven inches high; white, green, yellowish olive,IZ 4 Boy Scouts smooth but sticky when moist; gills wMte; spores wMte; on the stem is an annulus or ring just bdow the cap. Fly Areanita (Areanita muscaria) About the same size; mostly yellow, but ranging from orange red to or almost white; usually with raised white spots or scales on the top; gills white or tinged yellow; spores white; flesh white. Hated Areanita (Ar?anita spreta) Four to six inches high; cap three to five inches across; white, tinged with brown in places especially in the middle of the cap, where it has sometimes a bump. Deadly am?mlta Fly am?tnlta ]?ated ?tmsmita There are over a score more of amani.tas varying in size and color, but all have the general style of mushrooms, and the label marks of poison, viz., white or yellow gills, a poison cup, and white spores. Emetic Russula (Russula emetica) In a less degree this russula is poisonous. It is a short- stemmed mushroom, two to four inches high, about the size of the Fly Areanita; its cap is rosy red, plnki.?h when young, dark red when older, hding to straw color in age; its gills and spores white. Its peppery taste when raw is a fair notice of danger. Syrnptor? of _Poiso?.g: Vomiting .a?zj?y?4?he ? charge from the bowels being watery with '?'?Yff?k'?'?spendedWoodcraft 12? and sometimes containing blood," cramps in the extremities. The pulse is very slow and strong at first but later weak and rapid, sometimes sweat and saliva pour out. Dizziness, faint- ness, a?d blindness, the skin dammy, cold, and bluish, or livid; temperature low with dreadful tetanic convulsions, and finally stupor. Remedy: "Take an emetic at once, and send for a physician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate. The dose is ? ? 0 of a grain, and doses should be continued heroically until ? of a grain is administered, or until, in the physician's opinion, a proper quantity has been injected. Where the victim is critically . ??, ,? ill, the ? of'a grain may be administered." (McIllvaine & Macadam.) Emetic mssula: russula emetica (after Marshall) Mushrooms WHOLESOME TOADSTOOLS IMPORTANT NOTE.--Experimenting with mushrooms dangerous; it is better not to eat them unless gathered und? expert direction. The Common Mushroom (A garicus campestris) Known at once by its general shape and smell, its pink or brown gills, white flesh, brown spores and solid stem. Coprinus Also belonging to the gilled or true mushroom family are the ink-caps of the genus. They grow on dung piles and rich ground. They spring up over night and perish in a day. In the last stage the gills turn as black as ink. Inky Goprinus (Coprinus atramentarius) This is the species illustrated. The example was from the woods; often it is less tall and graceful. The carols one,inch Digitized ?zxo.6 Boy Scouts to three inches in diameter, grayish or grayish brown, some- times tinged lead color. Wash and stew: Stew or bake from twenty to thirty minutes a/ter thorough washing, being the recognized mode. ii?? All the Clayarias or Cora/ Mushrooms are good except Clayaria dichotoma which is white, and has its branches ? t? divided in pairs at each fork. It grows on the ground un- der beeches and is slightly ? poisonous; it is rare. The Delicious Morol (Morckella ddiciosa) One and a half to three Iakycoprmus inches 'high; greenish with Morel brown hollows. There are several kindred species ,of various colors. This is known by the cylindrical shape of its cap. Wash, slice, and stew. Puffballs (Lycoperdacee) The next important and safe group are the puff balls before they begin to puff. All our puffballs when young and solid white inside are good, wholesome food. Some of them, like Brain puffball Pear puffball Cup puffball the brain puffball or the giant puffball, are occasionally a foot in diameter, and yield flesh enough to feed a dozen persons. They are well known to all who live in the country, their smooth rounded exterior, without special feature-?-?.xcer? theWoodcraft 7 roots, and their solid white interior are easily rememberS. Peel, slice, and fry. Bibliography The following are standard and beautifully illustrated works on mushrooms and toadstools. They have been freely used for guidance and illustrations in the preparation of the above: "Edible Fungi of New York."By Charles H. Peck. Published by New York State Museum, Albany, z9oo. "The Mushroom Book." By Nil? L. Marsth?!l, Published zOoa at New York by Doubleday, Page & Co. $3.5o. "One T?ousand American Fungi." By McI!Ivaine and Macadam. Published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company of Indianapolis, z9oa. $3.oo. Add 4o cents express. "Mushrooms." G.F. Atkinson. Holt & Co. "The Mtmhroom." M. E. Hard. The Ohio Library Co., Columbua,

Ohio. 

COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREE? White Pine (Pinus strobu.Q A noble evergreen tree, up to x75 feet high. This is the famous pine of New England, the lumberman's prize. Its leaves are in bunches of five, and are 3 to 5 inches long; Hendock Red cedar e. oues 4 to 6 inches long. Wood pale, soft, straight- gra?ed, easily split. Newfoundland to Manitoba and south ? ? Goodietz8 Boy Scouts There are many different kinds of pines. They are best dis- tlnguished by their cones. Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Evergreen. Sixty to seventy feet high. Wood pale, soft, con, e, splintery, not durable. Bark full of tannin..Leaves t to {? inches long; cones about the same. Its knots are so hard that they quickly turn the edge of an axe or gap it as a stone might; these are probably the hardest vegetable growth in our woods. Its topmost twig usually points easterly. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware and Michigan. Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) Evergreen. Any height up to zoo feet. Wood, heart a beautiful bright red; sap wood nearly white; soft, weak, but extremely durable as posts, etc. Makes a good bow. The Cottonwood Shagbark Walnut tiny scale-like leaves are 3 to 6 to the inch; the berry-like cones are light blue and of an inch in diameter. It is found in dry places from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to British Columbia. Cottonwood (Populus dds) Small and rare in the Northeast, but abund,?nt a?[d la. ,r?e?Woodcraft Ia 9 in West; even x5o feet high. Leaves 3 to 6incheslong. Found ?rom Quebec to Florida and west to the mountains. Shagbark or White Hickory A tall forest tree t?p to x2o feet high. Known at once by the great angular slabs of bark hanging partly detached from its main trunk, forced off by the growth of wood, but too tough to fall Its leaves .ar? 8 to x4 inches long, with $ to ? broad Black Walnut (.ruglain nigra) A magnificent forest tree up to x$o feet high. Wood, a dark purplish-brown or gray; hard, close-grained, strong, very dur- able in weather or ground work, and heavy; fruit round, x] inches through. Leaflets x3 to 23, and 3 to $ inches long. Found from Canada to the Gulf. White Walnut or Butternut (Juglans cinerea) A much smaller tree than the last, rarely xc? feet high, with much smoother bark, leaves similar but larger and coarser, compound of fewer leaflets, but the leaflet stalks and the new twigs are covered with sticky down. Leaves x$ to 3 inches ' long, leaflets xx to x9 in number and 3 to $ inches long; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 inches long. New Brunswick and Dakota and Common Birch or Aspen-leaved Birch (Bet?la poIndifolia) A small tree on dry and poor soil, rarely 5 feet high. Wood soft, close-grained, not strong, splits in drying, useless for weather or ground work. A cubic foot 'weighs 36 pounds. Leaves: to 3 inches long. It has a black triangular scar at each armpit. The canoe birch is without these black marks. New BrunswicLto Ontario to Pennsylvania and Delaware. Black Birch, Sweet Birch, or Mahogany Birch (Betula lenta) The largest of the birches; a great tree, in Northern forests up to 8o feet high. The bark is scarcely birchy, r?,t?'?[?f13o Boy Scouts cherry, very dark, and aromatic. Leaves 2? to 6 inches long. Newfoundland to Western Ontario and south to Tennessee. Beech (Fag? Ameri?a#a) In all North America there is but one species of beech. It is a noble forest tree, 7o to 8o and occg?ionally x2o feet high, r?dily distinguished by its smooth, ashy-gray bark. Leaves Ashen-leaved birch Black birch Beech 3 to 4 inchcs long. It shares with hickory and sugar maple the honor of being a perfect firewood. Nova Scotia to Wis- consin, south to Florida and Texas. (?hestnut A noble tree, 60 to 80 or even xoo feet high. The most delirious of nuts. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long. Maine to Michigan and south to Tennessee. Red Oak (Qerc A free forest tree, 7o to 8o or even x4o feet high. Hoxd, strong, coarse-grained, heavy. It checks, warps , .and does not stand for weather or ground work.?tT?hg?teo? twoWoodcraft seasons to ripen. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long. Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida. I3! Nova Scoti? to White Oak (Quercus a/ha) A grand forest tree, over xoo up to x5 o feet high. Wood pale, strong, tough, frae-grained, durable and heavy, valuable timber. Called white from pale color of bark and wood. Leaves 5 to 9 inches long. Acorns ripen in one season. Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. White Elm or Swamp Elm ( Ulmus Americana) tall, splendid forest tree, commonly xoo, occasionally feet high. Wood reddish-brown, hard, strong, tough, Chestnut Red oak Wh/te oak very hard to split, coarse, heavy. Soon rots near the ground. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers in early spring before leal- ing. Abundant, Newfoundland and Manitoba to Texas. Sycamore, Plane Tree, Buttonball or Buttonwood (Platanus ocddent?is) One of the largest of our trees; up to x4o feet high; commonly hollow. Little use for weather work. Famou?d ?[ISz Boy Scouts its bark as w?l as its leaves; leaves 4 to 9 inches long. Ca?ad? to GuLf. Black or Yellow Locust, Silver Chain (Robinia pseudacacia) A tall forest tree up to 8o feet high; leaves 8 to x4 inches long; leaflets 9 to x0, x to 2 inches long, pods 2 to 4 inches.lon?, 4 to 7 seeded. This is the common locust so often seen about old lawns. Black locust flowers, and fruit, earlier. Red maple Leaves 2 to 6 inches long. all the maples it produces sugar, though in this case not much. Western North America. The sugar maple is a larger, finer tree. White Ash (Fraxi?zus Amer- icana) White ash Like A fine tree on moist soil. Seventy to 8o?.or even x3o feetj high. Yellow in autumn; noted for beiag?a?.iO/?i?and first White elm Sycamore Red, Scarlet, Water, or Swamp Maple (.4cer ruOrum) A fine, tall tree, often over zoo feet high. Noted for its flaming crimson foliage in fall, as well as its red leaf stalks,Woodcraft to shed in the forest. Called white for the silvery under sides of the leaves; these are 8 to x2 inches long, each leaflet 3 to 6 inches long. Nova Scotia to Texas. For a full tinbotanical account of one hundred and twenty of our finest trees with their uses as wood, theix properties, and the curious and interesting things about them see: "The Forester's Manual: or Forest Trees That Every Scout Should Know." By Ernest Thompson Seton. NATIVE WILD ANIMALS Every scout ought to know the principal wild animals that are found in North America. He need not know them as a naturalist, but as a hunter, as a camper. Here is a brief account of twenty-four o! them, and those who wish to know more will. find the fullest possible account in "Life Histories of North America," by E. T. Seto?. (Scribners, x9o9.) These two volumes are found in all large libraries. Elk or Wal?ttl (C? This/s smaller th?n the moose. It stands four to five feet at the shoulder and weighs four hundred to eight hundred pounds. It is known by its rounded horns and the patch of yellowish-white on the rump and tail. At one time this splendi?l animal was found throughout temtm?ate America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north to Massachusetts, the Ot- Elk tawa River, the Peace River, and British Columbia; and south to Georgia, Texas, and southern California. It is now exterm- inated except in Manitoba, Saskatchewan? Alberta; Vancouver Island, Washington, Wyoming and a few localities Jn the mountain states and in parks where it has beenI34 Boy Scouts The elk of Washington is very dark in color; that of the Southwest is very pale and small. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) This is the best known of the common deer of America. It is distinguished by the forward bend of the horns, with the snags pointing backward, and by its long tail which is brown or black ish above and pure white below. Its face is gray, its throat white. A fair sized buck weighs two hundred pounds, live weight. A few have been taken of over three hundred and fifty pounds weight. In the Southern states they run much smal- ler. Several varieties have been described. It was found formerly in all of the timber states east of the Rockies; also in Ontario south of Lake Nipissing, in south Quebec and south New Brunswick. At present it is exterminated in the highly cultivated states of the Middie West, but has spread into northern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba.. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) This is the commonest deer of the hill country in the centre of the continent. It is found in the mountains from Mexico to British Columbia and northeasterly to the katehew?n and the Lake of the Wood?d ?a)lg?[? n by its White-tailed deer Mule deerWoodcraft I35 double-forked horns, its large ears, the dark patch on the fore- head, the rest of the face being whitish. Also by its tail which is white with a black bunch on the end. This is a larger deer than the White-tail. There are several varieties of it in the South and West. Moo?e (Al?s americanus) This is the largest of the deer tribe. It stands five and a half to six and a half feet at the withers and weighs eight hundred to one thousand pounds. It is readily distinguished by its flat horns and pendulous, hairy muzzle. It is found in all the hearfly timbered regions of Canada and Alaska and enters the United States in Maine, Adirondacks, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming. Those from Alaska are of gigantic stature. In all our deer the antlers are grown and shed each year, reaching perfection in autumn for the mating season. They are found in the males only, except in the caribou, in which species the ismales also have small horns. Antelope (A?tilocapra americana) The antelope is famous as the swiftest quadruped native in America. It is a small creature, less than a common deer; a fair- sized buck weighs about one hundred pounds. It is known by its rich buff color with pure white patches, by having only two hoofs on each foot, and by the horns which are of true horn, like those of a goat, but have a Aat?lop? snag or branch and are shed each year. In the female the horns are little points about an inch long. Formerly the antelope abounded on all the high plains from Manitoba to Mexico and west to Oregon and California. It is now reduced to a few straggling bands in the central and wildest parts of the region. Mountain Qoat (Oreamnos montanus) The mountain goat is known at once by its pure white ca, at of wool and hair, its black horns, andx36 Boy Scouts above the size of a common deer; that is, a full grown male weighs two hundred and fifty to three hundred oounds; the female a third less. It is famous for its wonderful power as a rock climber and mountaineer. It is found in the higher Rockies, chiefly above timber lines, from central Idaho to Alaska. Woodchuck (Marmota raonax) The common woodchuck is a grizzly brown on the back, chestnut on the breast, blackish on the crown and paws, and whitish on the cheeks. Its short ears and bushy tail are important characteristics. It measures about twenty-four inches of which the tail is five Goat and a half inches and weighs q rivet to ten pounds. is found in all the wooded [parts of Canada from the ?Rockies to the Atlantic and .south in the eastern states to !about 4o degrees latitude. Beaver (Castor canaden.) The beaver is known by its from twenty-five to fifty pounds-- great size -- weighing its chestnut color, darker on the crown, its webbed feet, and its broad, fiat, naked, scaly tail. valuable fur. The creature is fa- mous for building dams and dig- ging canals. It was found wher- ever there was water and timber in North America north of Mex- Beaver ico, but is now exterminated in most highly set fled regions. Muskrat (Fiber zibethicus) The muskrat is about the size of a cat; that is, it is twenty- one inches long, of which the tail is ten inches. In color it somewhat resembles the beaver, but its feet are.not conspicu- ously webbed, its tail is long and flatt? b?xC__?l? notWoodcraft x37 horizontally. This abundant animal is found' throughout North Am?-rica within the limit of trees wherever' there is/resh water. It is the most abundant fur on the market. Muskrat Jack Rabbit ( Zq,,s Cfomi) The jack-rabbit, famous for its speed and its e?rs,/s known ? by its s/ze, which about doubles ? Black-tailed jack,rabb/t that of a common rabb/t and the jet blac2 stripe .running from its back into its tail. It is found on the plains frc?n Nebraska to Oregon and south to Mexico. There are several different var/eties. Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) The common eastern cotto?tafi is known from the snowshoe by itsmmaller feet and its much larger, longer t?il, whidx is gray above, and snow-white under- ne?h, Somet/mes the common

• tame rabbit resembles the cat-

tonta/l in generat. color, but the latter has the top o/ its tail black. The cottent?[s do not turn wb/te in winter. They are found in most. parts. o/ the United States, entering Canada only in the Ontario peninsu- la and southern' Saskatche- Cottontail wan. Cougar. or I?anther (Fd/s o?guar) The emagaz l?s. been called the Amezican lion; it is the largest cat in the.western world except the j?guar or Amedc?I38 Boy Scouts tiger. It is known by its unspotted brown 'coat, its long, heavy tail, and its size. A male cougar weighs one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds; W ' a few have been taken over that. The females are a third smaller. The young in first. coat have black spots. The cougar never attacks man but preys on deer, horses, calves, etc. There are several different forms; one or other Cougar of these is (or was)found from Ottawa, Minnesota, and Van- couver Island to Patagonia. ,:? Wild Cat or Bob Cat ?. (Lynx rufus) This is somewhat like the Canada lynx but is more spotted, has smaller feet, and the taft has several dark bars above and is ' pure white on the under side of the tip. W'fld cat or Lynx There are several species of bob bob cat cats; they cover the timbered states and enter Canada in Ontario, going north to Lake Simcoe. Fox (Vulpes fulmss) The fox is about four feet from snout to tail tip; of this the taft is sixteen inches or more; it stands about fifteen inches at the shoulder. It rarely weighs over fifteen pounds and some- times barely ten. The fox is known by its bright, sandy-red coat, black ears and paws, its white throat, and the white tip at the end of the tail. At a distance the fox's ears and tail look very large. The silver or black fox is a mere color freak with black coat- and white tail tip. Red foxes are found through- out the heavily timbered parts of North America north of latitude thirty-five degrees. Oray Wolf . (Canis occidentalis) The wolf is simply a big wild dog with exceptionally strong jaws and general gray color, becoming dirty white on the rider part. The wolf is found in all parts of North America, except where settlement has driven it out, and varies in color with locality. The Florida wolves are black, Texan wolves are reddish, and Arctic wolves are white. Wolv?s?w?h from Digitized byWoodcraft I39 seventy-five to one hundred and twenty pounds and are dis- ?inguishable from coyotes by the heavy muzzle and jaws, greater size, and comparatively small tail, which is often held aloft. Wolves nowadays rarely molest man. Coyote (Canis lat?am) The common coyote is like a small and delicate edition of the gray wolf. It is much smaller, weighing only twenty to thirty pounds, and is distinguished by its sharp, fox-like muzzle and large bushy tail, which is rarely raised to the level. In color it is much like the ordinary gray wolf but usually more tinged with yellow. It is found in all the interior country from Wisconsin to Oregon and from Mexico to Great Slave Lake. There are several different varieties. It never attacks man. Otter (L#?ra anadensis) The otter is a large water weasel with close, dense, shiny fur and webbed feet. It is known by its color- dark Otter brown above shaded into dark gray below and white on the cheeks without any markings --and by its size. It is about forty inches long and weighs about twenty pounds. It is' found throughout North America within the limit of trees. Its fur is very valuable. It feeds on fish. Weasel (Putorius noveboracensis) The common weasel of New England is about the size of a big rat; that is, it is sixteen inches long and all brown with the exception of white chin, throat, breast, and paws, and black tip to the tail. In winter it turns white except the tail tip; that does not chauge. The whole continent is in- hahited by weasels of one kind Weasel or another. To the north there is a smaller kind with shorter tail; on the prairies a large kind with a very long t?il; but, all . ?ar?of the same general style and habits. ,? '?j?u?.?e,I4O Boy Scouts the least weasel, is only six inches long. It is found chiefly in Canada. Mink ( Putori?z v?son ) The mink is simply a water weasel. It is known by its size, larger than Chat of a common weasel, as it is twenty-four inches long of which the tail is seven inches; also by its deep brown color all over except the throat a?d chin which are pure white. Its fur is brown, harder and giossier than that of the marten, and worth about a quarter as much.. It does not turn white in the winter. One form or another of mink is found over all the unaxid parts of North America from the north limit of trees to the Gulf of Mexico. Skunk (Mephitis mepbitlca) The sktmk is known at once by its black coat with white stripes, its ? trashy tall tipped with wk//z, and its size, nearly that of a c?t. It weighs three to seven pounds. It ranges from Virginia to Hud- son Bay. In the Northwest is a larger kind weighing twice as much' and with black tip to tail. Various kinds range over the continent south of latitude Skunk 55 degrees. It is harmless and beaut/ful. The smell gun for which it is famous is a liquid musk; this is never used ex?'ept in the extreme of self-de/e?e. Badgee (T?x/dea tox?) The common badger is known by its genera] whitish-gray co.r, the black and white markings on the head, the black paws, and the strong claws for digging. It weighs from twelve to twen- ty-two pounds. That is, it is about the size of a 'coon. BadgerWoodcraft x4? It is found/n all the pta/rie and plains country from the Sas- lmtchewan Valley to Mexico and from Wisconsin to the Pacific. (l?oey?n lo?) The 'coon looks like a small gray bear with a bush), ringed ta//and a large black patch on each eye. Its paws look Hke hands, and it'has the full number of five fingers or toes on e.a.ch extremity. It is found in 'all wooded regions from Manitoba south to Mexico and from Atlantic to Pacific, Coon except the desert and Rocky Mountain region. Opossum The opossum is famous for carrying its young in a pouch in front of the body. It may be known by its dirty-white woolly fur, its Opossum long, naked, prehensile tail, its hand-like paws, its white face and sharp muzzle, and the naked pink and blue ears. In size it resembles a cat. The 'possum is found from Connec- ticut to Florida and westerly to Cali/ornia. Gray-squirrel (Sciurus arolinensis) America is particularly rich in squirrels. Not counting ground-squirrels or chipmunks, we have over seventy-five different forms on this continent. The widest spread is prob- ably the red-squirrel; but the best known in the Uni- ted States is the common gray-squirrel. Its gray coat white breast, and immensex4 z Boy Scouts bushy tail are familiar to all eastern children. It is found in most of the hardwood timber east of the Mississippi and south of the Ottawa River and the State of Maine. Most of the nut trees in the woods of this region were planted by the gray-squirrel. Black Bear ( Ursus a?ericanus) This is the common bear of America. It is known at once by its jet black color and brown nose. Its claws are short, rarely over an inch long, and curved, serving better as dimbets than do the long claws of the grizzly. Two hundred pounds would be a good sized female, three htmdred a male; but Florida black bears have been taken weighing five hundred pounds. Sometime? freaks with cinna- mon-brown coats are found. This bear is found throughout North America wherever there is timber. NOTESWoodcraft x43?44- Boy Scouts l?tes(tiAPTEi ill , (AMPCAAFT Hlldng and Over=night (?amp By H. ?. C?o?, Boy?' Work Swre4?y, Young M?s'$ C?i,?tia? Massadms?t? a? ? Is? ?v? ? ?o?d be rem?bere? wh? go? h?e: F?t, avoid long ?. A 'f?t-w?, m? ? ? ?r-? h? ?oup of bo? is s?y not d?ble. There are a lot of f?e notions a?ut ?umge bmv? ?d ?t ?t ?ead weft h p?t, but f? tolerably h prance, and long ? f? bo? h one of the most gla? of ? nofi?. S?n? have a l?d? who ? p?, my two or tMee ? ? ho?, prevent ?e ?m ?c?ive water ?nklng, and ?si? the dufi? of pitching ?mp, e?. T?d, obse?e these two ?es ?ven by ? old w?sm?n: (x) Nev? wa? over anyt?g you can w? aro?d; (?) n?er step on ?hing that you ?n step over. Eve? ? you step on ?.hlng you Mt the w?ht of yo? b?y. ?y Mt ? w?ght ? Wam?g? FourS, ? o?y ?e ?gs ab?lutely ne?ed, toted ? bl?e? ?n?o ?y style. Bdore s?g on a ?e, study ca?ufly ?e road m?,, ?d ?e ?em ? you on ?e walk for ?uent reference.. ?e b?t ?ps are those of the U?ted S?t? ?l?c? S?ey,. ?g five cen? each. The map h pub?h? ? atlas sh?,. ? ?t r??g a s?H, qualstar district. ? t? ?e su?tend?t of do?en? at W?gton, D.C., for a ?t.. For ?mphg ?e ?y n? ?e fight ?d of a sh?, or ?p ? be a ?rable f?um. A Hght-ml? or a H?t-b?t ? ? not s?ted for mount? work or even for an hi?e. The feet ? bl?ter ?d b?ome "ro? w?." The sh? m?t be n?er t? big, t? small, nor t? hea?, ?d be ?ply bm? to ?ve ?e t? plenty of r?m. ?e sh? shoed be wat?-?ht. A m? weight, ?gh-toppcd hce a?ut ?ht. Bang ?e feet at the spdn? and strea? ?ong ?e m? ? be ?r?g, ff not ?dulged

• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? intenfion?x46 Boy Scouts

See Chapter on "Health and Endurance" for care of the feet and proper way of walking. It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves tied around the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet witl,. perspiration. The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one made for the Boy Scouts of America. (Price 60 cents.) It is about ?4 x 2o inches square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas with shoulder-straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip. A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along by the leader. You may not need them and some may poke fun at them, but, as the old lady said, "You can't always sometimes tell." The amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and habitation. The Lean=to : Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time to build your lean-to, and ,make. 'your bed for Frame of le?n-{? 'tizodbyGOOg[Campcraft ?47 the night.' Select your camping spot with reference to water, wood, drainage, and material for your lean-to. Choose a dry, level place, the ground just sloping enough to insure the water running away from your lean-to in case of rain. In building your lean-to look for a couple of good trees standing from eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the ground. By studying the illustration (No. x) you will be able to build a very service- able shack, affording protection from the dews and rain. While two or more boys are building the shack, an- other should be gather- lag firewood and pre- paring the meal, while Fig. a. Method of thatching another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft, thick tips of trees as possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. How to thatch the lean-to is shown in illustration No. 2. If the camp site is to be used for several days, two lean-tos may be built facing each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very comfortable camp, as a small fire can be built between the two thus giving warmth a?d light. The Bed On the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches of a balsam or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more fans by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of the lean-to and the foot toward the opening. Over this bed spread your rubber blankets or ponchos with rubber side down, your sleeping blanket on top, and you will be surprised how soft, springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon which to rest your "weary frame" and sing with the poet: "Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, And trickle the white moonbeams To my face on the balsam where I lie $.I4 8 Boy Scouts Hot-Stone Wrinkle If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six or eight inches in diameter near the fire, so that they will- get hot. These can then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will be found good "bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat, it is replaced near the fire and a hot one taken. If too hot, wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater or wait/or it to cool off. Boys desire adventure. .This desire may be gratified by the establishment of night watchers in relays of two boys each, every two hours.. Thdr imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attract/on o/the camp-fire and the sound of the crea- tures that creep at night. , Ob?ervat. ion Practice Many boys have excellent eyes, but see not, and good ears but hear not, all because they have not been trahed to observe or to hear quickly. A good method of teachln E observat/on while on a hike or tramp is to have each boy jot down 'in a areall note-book or diary of the trip, the different kinds of trees, birds, ?nimals, tracks, nature of roads, fences, peculhr rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and thus be able to tell wimt he saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his home. C.?mera Snap Shots One of the party should take a small folding camera. Photo- graphs of the trip ire always of great pleasure and memory- rewvers. A practical and convenient method of can3r/ng small folding cameras represents .an ordinary belt to which a strap with a buckle has been attached, which is run through the loops at the back of the camera case. The camera may be' pushed around the belt to the point where it will be least in the way. Hamp Lamp A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp

Lamp made by John Simmons Co., x 3 Franklin Street, New 

York City. It weighs only five ounces when full; is charged with carbide and is but 43 inches high. It projects a strong light x5o/eet through the woods. A stiff wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or belt. Handy Articles A boy of ingenuity can make a number of ?.?nt things. A good drinking cup may be made fro?fi?t?dl?ece'"?o?k cut inCampcraft ?49 parallelogram shape twisted into pyramid form and fast- ened with a split stick. A fiat piece of bark may serve as plate. A pot lifter may be made from a green stick about x8 inches long, allowing a few inch? of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same kind of stick and driving a small nail neax the other end or cutting a notch in it, it may be used to suspend a kettle over a fire. A novel candlestick is made by. opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree; upon the other upturned blade put a candle. A green stick having split which will hold a piece of bread or meat mak es an ex-. celleat broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized stake into the ground at an ?mgle of 45 degrees and cutting g notch on which may be suspended a kettle over a fire will provide ? way of boiling water quickly. Building tho Firepl?e? T?ke two or three stones and build a fireplace, a stick first slaved and then whittled for shavings, a lighted match, a little blaze, some bark and dry twigs added, a few small sticks, place the griddle over the fire and you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle-cakes. After the cakes are cooked, fry slices of bacon upon the griddle; in the surplus fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a de- licious brown. Hereis g breakfast capable of making the mouth of a ca,per water. Another way: Place the green logs side by side, closer to- gerber at one end than the other. Build the fire between. On the logs over the fire you can rest a frying-pan, kettle, etc. To start. the 'fire have some light, dxy wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze, add a few more of larger size and eo?tim? ?mtil you have ? good flee. To pr?v0? tho ?kin?llng of the.?e .?tef it ?:"?ppaxently out, po?r w?tor over it so?k the earth for the space of two or three feot ?roun?l it. ? is vea-y lmpert?t, for m?ny forest fifes have started ? failure to observe this c?ution. COOKINQ RECEIPTS C?oldnff for HIk? and O?-niffh( Camp? The following tested receipts are given for those who go on hikes and over-night camps: ?eat one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, one cu? dilutedcon-! den?ed milk or new milk. Mix enough self-ra?tt?O?x5o Boy Scouts make a'thick cream batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch of cakes. Be sure to lmve the griddle hot. Bacon Slice bacon quite thin; remove the rind, which makes slices curl up. Fry on griddle or put on a sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals, or better yet remove the griddle, and put on a dean, fiat rock in its place. When hot lay the slices of bacon on the rock and broil. Keep turning so as to brown on both sides. Canned Salmon on Toast Dip slices of stale bread into smoking hot lard. They will brown at once. Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season with salt and pepper and turn in a tablespoon- ful of melted butter. Heat in a pan. Stir in one egg, beaten light, with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour the mixture on the fried bread. Roast Potatoes Wash and dry potatoes thoroughly, bury them deep in a good bed of coals, cover them with hot coals until well done. It will take about forty minutes for them to bake. Then pass a sharpened hard-wood sliver through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use immediately as a roast po- tato soon becomes soggy and bitter. Baked Fresh Fish . Clean well. Small fish should be fried whole with the back bone severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, and ribs loosened from back bone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the pieces in corn meal or powdered crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns them), fry in plenty of hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly with salt just as the color tums. If fish has not been wiped dry it will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when fish are put in, they will be soggy with it. Frogs' Legs First, after skinning, soak them an hour in cold water to which vinegar has been added, or put tl?q[?Vt9(9?tes into scalding water that has vinegar in it. DrmO'n, wipe dry, and cook.Campcraft ISI To fry: roll in fiottr, season with salt and pepper, and fry not too rapidly, preferably in butter or oil. Water-cress is a good relish with them. To griddle: Prepare three tablespoousful melted butter, one half tablespoonful salt, and a pinch or two of pepper, into which dip the frogs' legs, then roll in fresh bread crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side. Eggs Boiled: Have water to boiling point. Place eggs in care- fully. Boil steadily for three minutes if you wish them soft. If wanted hard boiled, put them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for twenty minutes. The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. Fried: Melt some butter or fat in frying-pan; when it hisses drop in eggs carefully. Fry them three minutes. Scrambled: First stir the-eggs up and after putting some butter in the frying-pan, stir the eggs in it after adding a little condensed milk. Poached: First put in the frying-pan sufficient diluted con- densed milk which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs in, and let them simmer three or four minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast, pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast. Coffee For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ?roun? coffee, then add one extra. Have water come to boiling point first, add coffee, hold it just below boiling point for five minutes, and settle with one fourth of a cup of cold water. Serve. Some prefer to put the coffee in a sm_?_11 muslin bag loosely fled. Cocoa Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the powdered cocoa with water or boiled milk, with sugar to taste. Boil two or three minutes. These receipts have been tried out. Biscuit and bread mak- ing have been purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from camp. "Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. Pack butter in small jar: cocoa, sugar, and coffee in small cans or heavy paper; als6 salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent/?a'?fin?g?D: Digitized byBoy Scouts bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. Pickles can be purehn_?cl put up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle. as eandle?ticlu Menu for an Over-night Camp and a Day Hil? or Tramp Breakfast Griddle-Cakes Fried Bacon and Potatoes Coffee Preserves Dinner Creamed Salmon on Toast Baked Potatoes Bread Pickles Fruit Su?er Chromed or Chipped Beef Cheese Bread Cocoa Ration List for Six Boys, Three Meals ? pounds ba?on (slioxl thi?) x pound butter I dozen eggs ? pound cocoa t pound coffee x pound su?x $ cans salmon e4 potatoes 2 cans condensed milk x small package of. sell-?-?i?in?,. flour. Salt and. pepper Utzns//s Small griddle Small stew pan .qma?i Coffee-pOt? Plate anSl?c 'up Matches and candle. Disl? Wnshing' l?h?t. ? the frying-pan with. water, place over the ? ,and let it boil. Pour out water and you will find the pan. has prac-. tically-cleaned.i?lf, Clean the griddle with. sand.aad water, Ca?aslt knives and forks may be cleamed,- y ' 'Campcraft ?53 them into the ground. After all grease is gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with doth. Don't use the doth first and get it greasy. Leadership: The most important thing about a camping party is that it should always have the best of leadership. No group of boys should go camping by themselves. The first thing a patrol of scouts should do when it has determined to camp' is. to insist upon the scout master accompanying the members of the patrol. The reason for th'm_ is that there is less likely to be accidents of the kind.that will break ?p your camp and drive you home to the town or city. When the scout master is one of the party, all of the boys can go in swimming when the proper time comes for such e?ercise, and the scout master can stay upon the b?nk or sit in the bo?t for the purpose of preventing arcidents by drowning. There are also a hundred and.one thingz which will occur ia camp when the need of a man's help vfill show' itself. A scout ought to insist on his scout m?-,ter ? to camp. The scout master ami patrol leader should be present, in order to settle. the many questions whleh must of nece?ty axis? so. that there. may be no need of differences or quarrels over disputed points, which would be sure to spoil the outing. Scot? Camp, Program In a. scout camp_ there will be a regular daily program, something slmi!ax to the following: 6:30 ?.u. Turn out, bathe, etc. 7:00 A.M. B I?L?'t $:oo sag. Air beddin? in sun, if po?ble, ami cleaa camp groumi Z X *CX? ? Swimrn[? x 2 :oo K. Dinner x.?o X,.M. Tslk by leader 6:o0 ?J?. Sapper ? :30 1,.u Evening council arotmd camp fire. O?der of/?siness x? Openly' Cou?il 2. Roll-c?l! 3. Record of last council 4. Reports of scouts $. Le/t ov? business 6. Complaints 7. Honors Challenges So?tl doings, son?s, datums, stories Closing Conndl (devotioual s?v- ices when desiredIf $:?4? !ight? O?t Digitized by ?-JO 0(? [Ct54 Boy Scouts Water Supply Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the following statement: "The source of danger in water is always human or animal pollution. Occasionally we find water which is bad to drink on account of passage through the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes, but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter.. If you have to choose between a bright dear stream which may be polluted at some point above and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect all around and find free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely pro- tected and streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have not got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing water which purifies itself, if anything does, for in stagnation there is much more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than either a pond or stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their surroundings, is ground water from a well or spring; though that again is not necessarily safe. If the well is in good, sandy soil, with no cracks or fissures, even water that has been polluted may be well purified and safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky region, on the other hand, contaminating material may travel for a considerable distance under the ground. Even if the well is protected below, a very important point to look after is the pollution from the surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to gurface pollution than to the character of the water itself. There is danger which can, of course, be done away with by protection of the well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface wash is not allowed to drain toward it, and that it is protected by a tight covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water cannot be secured in any of these ways, it must in some way be puri- Boiling will surely destroy all disease germs." fied?'he'In?tia'ns had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a bole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water level, a few feet froin the pond. After it was filled with water, they bailed it out quickly, re- peating the bailing process about three times. After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water. Try it. Sanitation . A most important matter when in camp, and away front? modern conveniences is that of sanitatit?t?d ?[?i?)ig?b[des notCampcraft only care as to personal cleanliness, but also as to the water supply and the proper disposal of all refuse through burial or burning. Carelessness in these matters has been the cause of serious illness to entire camps and brought about many deaths. In many instances the loss of life in the armies has been greater through disease in the camp than on the battlefields. Typhoid fever is one of the greatest dangers in camping and is caused by unclean habits, polluted water, and contaminated milk, and food. The armies of the world have given this disease the most careful study with the result that flies have been found to be its greatest spreaders. Not only should all sources of water supply be carefully examined, an analysis ob- tained if possible before use, but great care should also be taken when in the vicinity of such a supply, not to pollute it in any way. In districts where typhoid is at all prevalent it is ado visable for each scout to be immunized before going to camp. A scout's honor will not permit him to disobey in the slightest particular the sanitary rules of his camp. He will do his part well. He will do everything in his power to make his camp dean, sanitary, and healthful from every standpoint. (?eneral Hints Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. Don't wring out flannels or woolens. Wash in cold water, very soapy, hang them up dripping wet, and they will not shrink. If you keep your head from getting hot and your feet dry there will be little danger of sickness. If your head gets too hot put green leaves inside of your hat. If your throat is parched, and you cannot get water, put a pebble in your m6uth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. Water Hints If you work your hands llke paddies and kick your feet, you can stay above water for some time even with your clothes on. It requires a littlecourageand enough strength not to lose your head.Boy Scouts M?y ho? s?mmers make the mist?e of goin? into the water too soon ?ter eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy prepping the food for the blood and body. Suddenly they ?e called ?pon to c?re fo? the w?rk of the swimmer. The change is too quick for the or?, the pre? of digestion stops, congestion is apt to follow, and then para- lyzing cramps. Indian Bathing Precaution The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming to a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off, and before entering the water, vigorously rubs the pit of the stomach with the dry palm of his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute, then he dashes cold water all over his stomach and continues the rubbing foranother minute, and after that he is ready for his plunge. If the water in which you are going to swi m is cold, try this method before plunging into the water. Good Bathing Rule The rule in most camps regarding entering the water is as. follows: "No one of the party shah elter the water for swimming or bathing except at the time and place designated, and in the presence of a leader." Laxity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously. Clouds Every cloud is a weather sign. Low clouds, swiftly mo ?,ing, indicate coolness and rain; hard-edged clouds, wind; rolled or jagged clouds, strong wind; "mackerel" sky, twelve hours day. Look out for rain when A slack rope tightens. Smoke beats downward. Sun is red in the morning. There is a pale yellow or greenish Rains Rain with east wind is lengthy. A sudden shower is soon over. A slow rain lasts long. Rain before seven, cl. ear befbre eleven. A circle round the moon m?aas "stonm "The evening z?l, the mornln? gray Sets the traveler on his way; The evening gray, the morning red ?riags down showe? upoa hisCampcraft

1. Whea the Sr--ss is dry at ai?t

? for ra/u be/ore the aVe'hen the grass is dry at morn? ]/ght Look for rain before the night." "When the dew /s on the grass Rs/n will never come to pa?. =

A heavy morning f?g generally indicates a clear ?hy. 

West wind brings clear, bright, and cool we?/?ee. North wind brings cold. Direction of the Wind The way to find which way the wind is blowing is to throw up l/ttle b/rs of dry grass, or to hold up a handful o/ l/ght dust and let it fall, or to suck your thumb, wet frail around and let the w/nd blow over it, and the cold s/de of it ? then tell you which way the w/nd is blowing. ' W?ather Flags The United States Weather Bureau publishes a "Classifica- tion of Clouds" in colors, Which may be had for the asking. If you are near one of the weather signal stations, daily bulle- tins will be sent to camp upon request; also the weather map. A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags are easily made or may be purchased. Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "weather bureau" will find it to be full of interest as well as offering an opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather vane, post a daily bulletin, keep a record of temperature, measure velocity 9 f wind, and rainfall. How to (let Your Bearings If you have lost your bearings, and it is a cloudy da y, put the point of your knife blade on your thumb ndl, and turn the blade around until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you where the sun is, and decide in which direction the camp is. Face the sun in the morning, spread out y?r?i/g/?I58 Boy Scouts from body. Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right is the south; the left hand is the north. Grass turns with the sun. Remember this when finding your way at night. Building a Camp Fire There are ways and ways of building a camp fire. An old Indian saying runs, "White man heap feel, make um big fire -- can't git near! Injun make um little fire--git dose! Ugh! good !" Make it a service privilege for a tent of boys to gather wood and build the fire. This shotfid be done during the after- noon. Two things are essential in the building of a fire -- kind- ?'mg and a/r. A fire must be built systematically. First, get dry, small, dead branches, twigs, fir branches, and other in- flammable material. Place these on the ground. Be sure that air can draw u_uder it and upward through it. Next place some heavier sticks and so on until you have built the camp fire the required size. An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire by Rubbing Sticks," by Ernest Thompson Seton, will be found in Chapter II. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. Never build a large camp fire too near the tent or inflammable pine trees. Better build it in the open. Be sure and use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. This may be done by building a circle of stones around the fire, or by digging up the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always have the buckets of water near at hand. To prevent the re-kindling of the fire after it is appar- ently out, pour water over it and soak the earth for a space of two or three feet around it. This is very important, for ,nany forest fires have started through fa/lure to observe this caution. Things to remember: First, it is criminal to lea?e a burning fire; second, always put out the fire with water or earth. "A fire is never out," says Chief Forester H. S. Graves, "until the last spark is extinguished. Often a log or snag will smolder unnoticed after the flames have apparently b?en conquered only to br?k out afresh with a rising wind." Be sure to get a copy of the laws of your state regarding forest fires, and if a permit is necessary to build a fire, secure it, before building the fire. Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcra/t" (p. ?8), says: "When there is nothing dry to headCampcraft FOREST FIRES! effective remus of p?-venting floods and maintaining a regular _fio?_.? Itrennm u?ed for Irrigation and other u?ful purlMset To prevent k? fires ?mZTem pained ?e ?w approved may & ]?m). leorbldm notting fifo to tho wood.. and. leorbldm Ionring mnv firon unoxtln?Jlmhod. Tlds law, for oilcrises ?ainst which offi?rs of th? FOREST b'ERVIOB ?ln arrest without warrant. provides as maximum punlslunent-- ilb, d #? ,f hqduennlhf M pm.,f Ildk I a l[f. b ul nddn? ml It also provldm that the money from such h shaft be imid t0 the THB EXERCISE OP CARB WITH S..?M, LL FIRE? IS THE BEST I?EVENTIVE OF LAROE ONES. ? all ? m .? m Hkdy to spr?d. 4. In windy weather and In dangerram plac? to dig. hbl? ?rd?r th? girorod to confine camp fire? S. To extingubh ..all fir? completely before leaving ?hem;even f0r a short absenct 6. Not to buiM tim against large or hollow ? where R Is diffi4adt 7. No(: to build fires to ciera* land without Informing the nearest oHk? dAMn'B WlI.BON, The abo? is a copy o one of a serie: of notices posted in orests by the [1. S. Department of Agriculture, directing attention to [1. S. laws on this important subject.I6O Boy Scouts of the match forward through the teeth. Or, face the wind. Cup your hands back toward the wind, remove the right hand just long enough to strike the match on something very dose by, then instantly resume former position. Flame of match w/II run up stick instead of blowing away from it. The Camp Fire "I c?nnot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire. Our dty houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of the greatest schools the'imagination has ever Around the camp fire had or can ever trove. It is moral, and it always has a tre- mendous stimulus to the imagination, and that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good story unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete fire unless you have a good story-teller along! "There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the camp fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms and still there is something missing in your catalogue. "Any one who has witnessed a real camp fire and partidpated in its fun as well as seriousness will never forget it. The huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night, the perfect shower of golden rain, the cqmpany, of Digitized by?-.?00?[C happyCampcraft I6I boys, and the great dark background of piny woods, the weird light over all, the singing, the yells, the stories, the ftm, and then the serious word at the close, is a happy experience long to be remembered." .? Camp-fire Stunts The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories- good stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective stories, stories of heroism, the history of life, a talk about the stars. Don't draw out the telling of a story. Make the story life-h?e. - College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song in a natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet type like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature.' When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marsh- mallows. Get a long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marsh- mallow on 'the end, hold it over the embers, not in the blaze, until the' marsh-mallow expands. Oh, the deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting corn on the cob, t/e the end of the husk firmly with string or cord; saak in water for-about an hour; then put into the hot embers. The water prevents the corn from burning and the firmly t/ed husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn flavor is thus retained. In about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten. Have a bowl of melted butter and salt at hand. Also a pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. Story Telling For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire this excellent tale by Prof. F. M. Burr is printed by per- minion: How Men Found the (treat Spirit In the olden time, when the woods covered all the earth except the deserts and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries they found and the wild animals which they could shoot or mare, when they dressed in skins and lived in caves, there was little time for thought. But as men grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together, they had more time to think and more mind to thing with. Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather followed hot; and spring, winter; and that the sun got up in the morning and went to bed at night. They said that the great water was kindly when the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it, it grew black and angry. and upset their canoes. They found that?nocktng /lints together or robbing dry sticks would light the dry ?0s?clm?!-sl?CI6Z Boy Scouts flames which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day in the midst of night were hungry and must be fed, and when they escaped devoured the woods and only the water could stop them. These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all was or how it came to be. Man began to wonder, and that was the begin- ning of the path which led to the Great Spirit. In the ages when men began to wonder there was bern a boy whose name was Wo, which meant in the language of his time, "Whence." As he lay in his mother's arms she loved him and wondered: "His body is of my body, but from whence comes the life- the spirit which is like mine and yet not like it?" And his father seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes, said, "Whence came he from?" And there was no one to answer, and so they called him Wo to remind them that they knew not from whence he came. As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe. He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild things and could read the signs of the seasons. As he grew older they made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board, but Wo was not satisfied. His name was a question and questionng filled his mind. "Whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and set? Why did life burst into 'leaf and flower with the coming of spring? Why did the child become a rn?n and the man grow old and die?" The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a mountain top and stretching out his hands cried, "Whence?" At night he cried to the moon "Whither?" He listened t,? the soughing of the trees and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered eagerly into the eyes of little children and tried to resd the mystery of life. He listened at the still Hps of the dead, waiting for them to tell him whither they had gone. He went out among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for the unseen and listening. for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at the council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning he replied like one awakening from a dream: "Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. There is none so c?mnlng as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. Though we are weaker than the great be?r and buffalo, yet by our wisdom we over- come them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft we overtake him . We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged one with a hair. We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts, the trees, the wind, the water and the fire become our servants. "Then we speak great swelling words: 'How great and wise we are! There is none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the waterl" "But the words axe false. Our pride is like that of a partridge drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our sight is like that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom is like a drop of dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great water which no eye c?n measure. "Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a heart-bent in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No one can tell whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise men and they cannot answer. I have listened to the voice of the trees and wind and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned the sun and the moon and the stars, but they are silent. "But to-day in the silence before the darkness gives ola?e4o, I/e?, I seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, s? '? ?6?1?', ?[he ques-Campcraft 163 tloner, rise up llke the stag from his lair; away, alone, to the mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou seekest.' I go, but if fail by the trail another will take it up. If I find the answer I will return." Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through the track- less woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. On the seventh day he came to the great mountain -- the mountain of the sun, on whose top, according. W the tradition of his tribe, the sun rested ? night. All day long he climbed saying to himself, "I will sleep to-night m the teeNee of the sun, and he will tell me whence I come and whither I go." But as he dimbed the sun seemed to climb higher and h/gher; and, as he neared the top, a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain. Chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. Just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the mountain of the sun, for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the Great Water. A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and faster than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no end. Overcome with misery and weakness he fell upon a bed of moss with his back toward the sunset and the unknown. And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known be- fore, and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain wait- ing for the answer. A cloud covered the mountain but all was silent. A m/ghty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags, but there was no voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning flashed, but he whom Wo sought was not there. In the hush that followed up the storm Wo heard a voice, low and quiet, but in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle -- the song of the bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of the brook. "Wo, I am he whom thou seekest, I am the Great Spirit. I am the All Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth, and so child of the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, thus making him my son, I have waited for a seeker who should find me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo the questioner, to the an?werero "Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is mine; it is ven thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it returns to me tter or worse for thy making. "Thouhast found me because thy heart was pure, and thy search for me tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee, and the seekers that come after thee in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. I will speak in the vo/ces of the woods and streams and of those you love. I will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. When thy people and mine age in need and wish for the will of the Great Spirit, then shall my spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words." And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed by its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found andprayer came to hkn like the song to the bird. "0 Great Spir/t, father of my spirit, the sun is thy messenger, but thou art brighter than the sun. Drive thou the darkness before me. Be thou the light of my spirit." As Wo went down the mountain and t9qk the, journey back to the home of his people, his face shone, and?i?ll?_?gl t?[C seemed to leave it? so that men called him "He of the shining face."x6 4 Boy Scouts When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to hear. As Wo ?tood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire, he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message and for a moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came to him aga/n. "When thy people and mine shall need to know my will, my spir/t shall brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be my words." Looking into the eager faces o longing and questioning, hi,.? ?pirit moved'within him and he spoke: "I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit who dwells in the earth a? your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We axe His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child on her breaat? or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is like the air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. "The sun is the ?gn of His brightness, the sky o/ His greatness and mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the signs o/His love. We are but His calldren; we cannot enter into the council of the Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is Hiz will, that we love one another as He loves us; that we bury forever the hatchet of h?te, th?/t no man shall take what is not his own and the strong ? help

the weak." 

The chids did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a hatchet and buded it by the fire ?aying? "Thus bury we hate between man and his bmther,"und they took an acorn and put it in the earth saying, "Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak." And it became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn. Every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun, and with right hand raised and left upon the/r heaxts prayed: "Great Sp/rit hear us; guide us to-day; make our wills Thy will, m?r ways Thy way." And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other tribes ? but timt is another story. Tent Making Made Easy* By H. .L Holden The accompanying sketches show a few of the many different tents which may be made from any available piece of cloth or canvas. The material need not be cut, nor its usefulness for other purposes impaired, except that rings or tapes are attached at various points as indicated. For each tent the sketches show a front elevation, with a ground plan, or a side view; also a view of the material laid fiat, with dotted lines to indicate where creases or folds will occur. Models may be made from stiff paper and will prove as interesting to the kindergartner in gcometry as to the old campaigner in camping. In most of the tents a ring for suspension is fastened at the centre of. one side. This may be supported by a pole or hung by means

• Reprinted from l?eereatlon, Apr?l, x9? ?, by permissh?i??[(?Campcraft I6 5

of a rope from any convenient fastening; both methods are shown in the sketches. Guy ropes are required for. a few of the different models, but most of them are pegged down to the ground. After making paper modeh, find a stack cover, a tarpaulin, a tent fly, an awning, or buy some wide cotton cloth, say 9o-inch. All the shapes may be repeatedly made from the same piece of material, if the rings for changes are left attached. In Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, xx, a portion of the canvas is not used and maybe turned under to serve as sod-cloth, or rolled up out of the way. If your material is a large piece, more pegs and guy lines will be required than is indicate? in the sketches. The suspension ring, x inches or e inches in diameter, should be well fastened, with sufficient reinforcement to prevent tear/ng Out; x-inch rings fastened with liberal lengths of tape are large enough for the pegs and guy lines. Also reinforce along the lines of the strain from peg to pole. Fig. x.--A square of material hung by one corner, from any convenient support, in a man- ner to make a comfortable shelter; it will shed rain and re- fiect heat. This square makes a good fly or a good ground. cloth for any of the tents. Fig. x. Tent from a square o! eanvas. A 7 x 7 sheet is ample for a ?e-man shelter; 9 x 9 will house two Fig. e.--A rectangle equal to two squares. A shelter roomy and warm, with part of one side open toward the fire. Fig. 2. RectA?/fi?dt?OBoy Scouts Fig. $.--Here the rectangle is folded to make a "lean-to" shelter, with the roof front suspended from a rope or from a horizontal pole by means of cords. The two corners not in use are folded under, making a partial ground cloth. A square open front is presented toward the camp fire. Baker, or lean-to , o.; 'L,.?,? *? ? Fig. 4. Same plan as No. 3 Fig. 4.--Same in plan as No. 3, but has a triangular front and only one point of suspension. Fig. 5. ?l:e toque tcntCampcraft x67 Fig. 5 .M Uses all the cloth, has a triangular ground plan, a square front opening, plenty of head room at the back and requires two or more guy lines. This shelter resembles a "' toque." Fig. ?. Conical t?nt, or wig- Fig. 8. So-called canoe tent. Requires three guy lines, and can be supported by a rope instead of a pole Fig. 9. Canoe tent with fly Fig. 9.--A combination of No. 8, with No. x in use as an awning or fly. This sketch shows both tent and fly suspended by means of a rope. The "awning" may be swung around to ?ny angle. v?g?t?z?d by GOOdie opening. Fig. 6.-- Square or "miner's ? tent. Two corners are turned under. This tent is enclosed on all sides, with a door in front. Fig. 7. m Conical tent or '?wigwam," entirely enclosed, with door in front. Two corners of the canvas are turned under. Fig. 8.-- Has a wall on one side and is called a "canoe tent" in some catalogues. It requires two or more guy lines and is shown with a pole support. The front has a triangularBoy Scouts Fig. xo.--Combination of Nos. x and 2; they may be fastened together by a coarse seam or tied with tapes. The ground plan is an equal-sided triangle, with a door opening on one side, as shown. There is no waste cloth. Fig. xx.-- No. xo changed to a conical shape and suspended as a canopy. The circular shape is secured by the use of small- size gas pipe or limber poles bent into a large hoop. Of course guy lines may be used, but would probably be in the way. Notice that a little more material for making a wall would transform the canopy into a "Sibley" t?nt. Fig. zo. Combination of Nos. Fig. xx. Sibley awning and 2 There are other shapes and combinaQons, but perhaps these sketches are enough in the line of suggestion. The diagram Fig. z 2 shows a method for laying out, on your cloth, the location of all the rings to make the tents and shelters. No dimensions are given and none is required. The diagram is good for any size. Most of the fastenings are found on radial lines, which are spaced to divide a semi-circle intoeight,equal Digitized byCampcraft 169 angles, ? degrees each; these intersect other construction lines a?d locate the nec_?-?ry loops and rings. Figures are given at e?ch ring which refer back to the sketch numbers. ? ??/.?'. 6 a?.? $.?. Fig. '?2. Showing how ten di?erent tents can be made with but one piece of canvas Suppose the material at hand is the widest unbleached? cotton doth, 9 o inches wide, 5 yards long, or ?? feet by x5 feet. The accompanying table ? give the dimensions for the various shapes from Fig. x to Fig. If in doubt about the location of rings on your canvas, suspend the tent by the centre ring and fasten the loops temporarily by means of safety pins, draw the tent into shape and shift the fastenings as required. The guy lines should h?ve hooks or TA?r.E O? Dru?SIONS, 9 IN. MATER/AL Area, Height, Remarks Size Sq. Ft. Ft.

........ 7 ft. triangle 25 03 O,,ne si,d,e o,p?n 

? ........ 6? x xS ft. 65 ........ 6  :: .... 4 ........ ?x8 ft. 6o S $ ..... 7? ft. triangle 2S 7? " " " 6 ........ 6f x 6?r ft. 39 7 Enclosed 7 ........ 7 it. diam. 44 66I " ? ........ $x7 ft. 37 2 ft. wall 9- -7 x 8 t. 6o 6 No. 8, with fly xo ....... ?5 ft. triangle 97 6? Enclosed xx ....... xx ft. circle ?o8 $ Canopy, no sides

I? ...... 1 

,31eI70 Boy Scouts snaps at one end for ready attachment and removal; the other end should be provided with the usual slides for "take up.?' The edge of the cloth where the large ring for suspension ?s fastened should be bound with tape or have a double hem, for ' it is the edge of the door in most of the tents shown. Waterproofing a Tent Dissolve half a pound of alum in two quarts of boiling water; then add two gallons of pure cold water. In this solution place the material and' let it remain for a day. Dissolve a quarter of a pound of sugar of lead in two quarts boiling water, then add two gallons of cold water. Take the material from the alum solution, wring it lightly, place in the second solution and leave for five or six hours; then wring out again lightly and allow it to dry. If you want to avoid trouble with a leaky tent, the following solution is a "sure cure;" Take a gallon or two gallons of turpentine and one or two cakes of paraffin, drug store size. Chip the paraffin fairly fine; dump it into the turpentine. Place the turpentine in a pail and set same in a larger pail or a tub of/tot wat?. The hot water will heat the turpentine, and the turpentine will melt the paraffin. Stir thoroughly, and renew your supply of hot water if necessary. Then pile your tent into a tub and pour in the turpentine and paraffan mixture. Work the tent all over thoroughly with your hands, so that every fiber gets well saturated. You must work fast, however, as the paralan begins to thicken as it cools; and work out of doors, in a breeze if possible, as the fumes of the turpentine will surely make you sick if you try it indoors. When you have the tent thoroughly saturated, hang it up to dry. It is not necessary to wring the tent out when you hang it up. Just let it drip. If you use too much paraffin the tent may look a little dirty after it dries, but it will be all right after you have used it once or twice. An Open Outing Tent By Warren H. Millo', Editor "Field and Strea?n." To malte an open outing tent, get thirteen yards'of 8 oz. duck canvas, which can be bought at any department store or dry goods store for seventeen or eighteen cents a yard. This makes your total expense $2.2x for your tent. Lay out the strip of canvas on the floor and cut one end square; measure up 8 inches along the edge and draw a line to the other corner. ,GoogleCampcraft From thj? corner lay off 7 ft. 8 in. along the edge and on the opposite side, lay off 5 ft. 9 in. beginning at the end of your 8-in. measurement. Now take a ruler and draw another diagonal across the canvas at the ends of these measurements and you have the first gore of your tent. Cut it across? turn the gore over, lay it down on the strip so as to measure off How to cut up your strip of canvas another one exactly like it. This is the corresponding gore for the other side of the tent. To make the second pair of gores? lay off $ ft. 9 in. along one side o the remaining strip of canvas beginning at the pointed ends and 3 .ft. xo in. on the other side. Join these points with a diagonal and you have a second gore, a duplicate of which is then cut by using it as a ..--- Forester tent pattern Forester tent with hood pattern, reversing and laying it down on the strip of canvas. To make the third gore? lay off 3 ft. to in, on one edge of your strip beginning at the point, and ? ft. xt in. on the other side. Draw a diagonal across and you have the third gore. You have now used up all but two yards of your Canvas, plus a little left-over piece of about two feet long. Out of this little' left-over piece make a triangle x ft. xx in. on the side, which will form the back triangle of your tent. Now pin your three gores together to make the side of your tent, just as in the illustrations, and pin the two sides together along the ridge. Then sew this tent up. Sew in the little back triangle and hem all around the edges. Leave a hole at,?ae peaak of the little triangle through which the ridgeCampcraft I73 two-yard piece of duck and cut it down the diagonal, making two thin triangles which are sewed to the front edges of the open forester tent, making a hood of the shape shown in our picture, This prevents the rain beating in the opening of your tent but still lets the heat of your fire strike in and at the same time it keeps the heat i? the tent as it will not flow out along the ridge pole as it does in the open type.. This tent weighs six pounds and packs into a littie package fourteen inches long by seven inchcs wide by six inch.es .thick, and can be carried as a shoulder strap or put in a back pack or any way you wish to take it. It will sleep three boys, or two men and a boy, very comfortably indeed. While it reaUy does not need to be water-proofed, as it immediately shrinks tight after the first rain, you can water-proof it if you wish by making a solution of ten ounces of quick lime with four ounces of alum in ten quarts of water. Stir occasionally until the lime has slackened.. Put the tent in another pail and pour the solution over it, letting it stand twelve hours. Take out and hang it on the clothes-line to dry. It will then be entirely water- proof. To make a good night fire in front of the tent, drive two stout stakes three feet long in the ground about three feet from the mouth of the tent; pile four logs one on top of the other against these stakes or take a large fiat stone and rest it against it. Make two log andirons for each side of the fire and build your fire in the space between them. It will give you a fine cheerful fire and all the heat will be reflected by the back logs into the tent, making it warm and cheerful. Inside you can put your browse bags stuffed with balsam browse; or pile up a mountain of dry leaves over which you can stretch your blankets. Pile all the dufffie way back in the peak against the little back triangle where it will surely keep dry and will form a sort of back for your pillows, You will find the forester tent lighter and warmer- than the ordinary lean-to,' as it reflects the heat better. After a couple of weeks in it you will come home with your lungs so full of ozone that it will be impossible to sleep in an ordinary room without feeling smothered. Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing* The birch-bark canoe is the boat of the North American Indians t and our modern canvas canoes are made, with some

• Prt?m? with the co?l?tim? o? Mr..aa'tho. r A. Catr?_y? ?out !?ster? B9_y S?Out ahip

P/o?,?r; Mr. Carleton E. Sholl, Captain Lakanoo Boat Club Crew; Mr. Frederick K, V?elwad, ?mp?lrl? Club o? kinetica, and Mr. R. F. Tim?r-?Vlc?Cmpm?ore,Boy Scouts variations, on the Indian model. With the possible exception of the Venetian gondola, the motion of a canoe is more graceful than that of any other boat propelled by hand; it should be continuous and gliding, and so silent that it may be brought up in the night to an animal or enemy, Indian fashion, without making any sound, and so take them by surprise. Many accidents happen in canoes- not because they are unsafe when properly handled, but because they are unsafe when improperly handled--and many people do not take Canoeing stroke (a) the trouble even to find out the proper way of managing a canoe. Many canoes have seats almost on a level with the gunwale, whereas, properly speaking, the only place to sit in a canoe is on the bottom; for a seat raises the body too high above the centre of gravity and makes the canoe unsteady and likely to upset. It is, however, difficult to paddie while sitting in the bottom of a canoe, and the best position for paddling is that of kneeling and at the same time resting back against one of the thwarts. The size of the single-blade paddie should be in pro- portion to the size of the boy who uses it--long enough to reach from the ground to the tip of his nose. The bow paddle may be a little shorter. The canoeman should learn to oa?tdle equally well on either side of a canoe. Whg?it?lt?x?JaeCampcraft le?t side the top of the paddle should be held by the fight hand, and the left hand should be placed a few inches above the be- ginning of the blade. The old Indian stroke, which is the most approved modern method for all-round canoeing, whether ra- cing or cruising, is made with the arms almost straight -- but not stiff -- the arm at the top of the paddle bending only slightly at the elbow. This stroke is really a swing from the shoulder, in which there is little or no push or pull with the arm. When paddling on the left side of the canoe the fight shoulder swings forward and the whole force of the body is used to push the blade of the paddle through the water, the left hand acting as a fulcrum. While the fight shoulder is swung forward, the fight hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist. so that the thumb goes down; this motion of the wrist hasthe effect of turning the paddle around in the left hand- the left wrist being allowed to bend freely--so that, at the end of the stroke, the blade slides out of the water al- Canoeing stroke (b) most horizontally. If you should twist the paddle in the opposite direction it would force the head of the canoe around so that it would travel in a circle. At the recovery of the stroke the fight shoulder swings back and the paddle is brought forward in a horizontal position, with the blade almost parallel to the water. It is swung forward until the paddle is at fight angles across the canoe, then the blade is dipped edgewise with a slicing motion and a new stroke begins. In paddling on the right side of the canoe the po- sition of the two hands and the motion of the two shoulders are reversed. Something should also be said about double paddles -- that is, paddles with two blades- one at each end- as their use is becoming more general every year. Witb? a novice can handle a canoe head on to a stiff wind, a feat'?vhichBoy Scouts requires skill and experience with a single blade. The doubles give greater safety and more speed and they devdop chest, arm and shoulder muscles not brought into play with ? single blade. The double paddle is not to be recommended to the exclusion of the single blade, but there are many times when there is an advantage in its use. In getting in or out of a canoe it is especially necessary to step in the very centre of the boat; and be careful never to lean on any object- such as the edge of a wharf- outside of the Canoeing stroke boat, for this disturbs your balance and may capsize the canoe. Especially in getting out, put down your paddle first, and then, grasping the gunwale firmly in each hand, rise by putting your weight equally on both sides of the canoe. If your canoe should drift away sideways from the landing-place, when you are trying to land, place the blade of your paddle fiat upon frae water in the direction of the wharf and gently draw the canoe up to the landing-place with a slight sculling motion. When it is necessary to cross the waves in rough waters always try to cross them "quartering," i.e. at an oJ?lique ad?gle , but not at ri4?ht angles. Crossing big waams?tK?i?lt?gle?z78 Boy Scouts and thus to the cleats -- within easy reach of the sailor. The sheet line is fastened to the lower spar, about two feet from the outer end; and, when not held in the hand, may be fastened to another cleat. Both halyard and sheet should at all times be kept clear, so as to run easily, and with knots about the cleats that can be instantly slipped. The leeboard is'a necessary attachment to the sailing out- fit. It is made with two blades- about three feet long and ten inches wide would furnish a good-sized surface in the water- one' dropping on each side of the canoe and firmly supported by a bar fastened to the gunwale. The blades should be so rigged that, when striking. an'object in the water, they will qnickly'release, causing no strain on the canoe. , The leeboard, like a centre board, is of course intended to keep the canoe from sliding off when trying to beat up into the wind. When running free before the wind the board should be raised. The general rules for sailing larger craft apply to the canoe. The paddle is used as a rudder and may be held by the sailor, but a better plan is to have two paddles, one over each side, made fast to the gunwale or the brace. The sailor can then grasp either one as he goes about and there is no danger of ? losing the paddles overboard. In sailing, the sailor sits on the

bottom, on the oppsite side from the sail, except in a high wind, 

when he sits on the gunwale where he can the better balance the sail with his weight. The combination of sail, leeboards, and the balancing weight of the sailor, will render the canoe stiff and safe, with proper care, in any wind less than a gale. A crew may consist of two or three in a seventeen foot c?noe. The spars and mast of a sailing outfit should be of spruce or some other light but strong wood, while cedar or some non- splitting wood is best for the leeboards. Young canoeists will enjoy making their own sailing outfits; or a complete Lateen rig as made by various canoe manufacturers can be purchased either directly from them or through almost any dealer. In case of an upset the greatest mistake is to leave the boat. A capsized canoe will support at least four persons as long as they have strength to cling to it. A single man or boy, in case of upsetting beyond swimming distance to land, should stretch himself flat upon the bottom of the canoe, with arms and legs spread down over the tumblehome toward thesubmerged gun- wales. He can thus lie in safety for? 'hmam?? arrives. When two persons are upset, they should range themselves oncjlCampcraft x79 on each side of the over-turned boat; and, with one hand grasp- ing each other's wrists across the boat, use the other hand to cling to the keel or the gunwale. If the canoe should swamp, This diagram illustrates some of the angles formed by the boom and the keel line of the boat in different positions N?%.?. Running fre,, or before the whad I ? Wind abeam Wind abeam Port tack Starboard tack Pointing into the wind Port tack Pointing into the wind Star.bo? vff?40ogle?8o Boy Scouts fill with water, and begin to rink, it should be turned over in the water. It is the air remaining under the inverted hull that gives the cra/t sufficient buoyancy to support weight. Never overload a canoe. In one of the ordinary size -- about seventeen feet in length ? three persons should be the max/town number at any time, and remember never to change seats in a canoe when out of your depth. Row-boats There is a certain caution in the use of boats wkich you will always find among sailors and fishermen ahd all persons who are using them constantly. Such a person instinctively steps into the middle of the boat when getting in, and always sits in the middle o[ the thwart or seat. This is a matter of in- stinct with seafaring people, and so is the habit of never fool- ing in a boat. Only landlubbers will try to stand up in a Small boat while in motion; and, as for the man who rocks a boat "for fun," he is l/ke the man "who didn't know the gun was Rowing Row-boats are propelled either' by rowing or by sculling; and rowing is either "pulling" or "backing water." The usual way of rowing is to "pull" and to do so, you sit with your back to the bow and propel the boat by pulling the handles toward your body and so pressing the blade? of the oars against the water toward the stem, while pushing with your feet against a brace. In backing water you reverse the action of the oars, pushing the handles away from your body and pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the bow. Turning To turn your boat to the right, when pulling, you row only with the left oar; or, if you wish to make a sharp turn "pull" with the left o?r and "back water" with the right. To turn your boat to the left the action of the oars is reversed. Feathering To prevent the momentum of the boat from being checked by the wind blowing on the blades of the oars, the blades must be turned into a horizontal position as they. leave, the water. In "pulling'?' this. is done by turning?g?hebi/ar/d.O?kward atCampcraft the wrist, and in backing water it is done by teeming the hands forward at the wrist., Sculling To scull is to propel a boat by a single oar at the stern. The boat must be provided with rowlock or t semicircular scoop in the stern, and the boat is propelled by working the oar at the stern, obliquely from side to side. This is a convenient way of doing when you are working among boats in the water, and have to go short distances without the necessity of speed'. Steering When rowing a boat without the use of a rudder, instead-of constantly' turning the head around to see where you are going, it is convenient to fix upon some object in the landscape on an imaginary line with the middle of the stern and the middle of the bow; you can then keep your boat approximately in the. right position, without the trouble of turning your head, by keeping the object selected on a line with the middle of the stern board. Coming Along.ide When co?ning alongside of a boat or wharf always approach on the leeward side or that opposite from which the wind is blowing, and come up so that the boat will be headed into the wind and waves. Stop rowing at a convenient distance from the landing-place and come-up with gentle headway; then take in the oar nearest the landing, and, if necessary, back water with the other oar. Keeping Stroke When two or more are rowing together the length and speed of the stroke are set by the man sitting nearest the stern. Rough Weather Always try to row as nearly as possible into the waves at right angles. In this way you are likely to ship less water and to avoid capsizing. ? Qoing Ashore When going ashore always leave your oars lying fiat on the thwarts on either side of your boat. The Salute To salute a passing vessel or boat, hold the oats up at right, angles with the water. ?dx82 Boy Scouts Every row-boat should be provided with a rough. sponge and a tin dipper to be used in bailing out the water. Always bail out the water after a rain and keep your boat dean and tidy. Sailing in Small Boats The most convenient kind of a boat to learn to sail in is a cat-boat, which is a boat with a single fore and aft sail held in place by a boom at the bottom and a gaff at the top. To understand the principle of sa?ng we must reali7e that a sail-boat, without the use of a rudder, acts in the water and wind very much the way a weather vane acts in the air. The bow of the boat naturally turns toward the wind, thus relieving the sail of all pressure and keeping it sha.king. But if by keeping the main sheet in your hand you hold the sail in a fixed position, and, at the same time, draw the tiller away from the sail, it will gradually fill with air beginning at the hoist or mast end of the sail and impel the boat in the direction in which you are steer- hag. Given a certain direction in wMch.you want to travel, the problem is, by letting out or hauling m your main-sheet, to keep the sail as nearly as possible at right angles with the direction of the wind. We must remember, also, that, while the sail. must be kept full, it should not be kept more than full; that is, its position must be such that, by the least push of the tiller toward the sail, the sail will begin to shake at the hoist. It is even desirable in a strong wind, and especially for be- ginners, to always let the sail, close to the nmat, shake a little without losing too much pressure. When you are sailing with .the wind coming over the boat from its port side you are sail- ing on the port tack, and when you are sailing with the wind coming across the boat on its starboard side you are sailing on the starboard tack. The port side of the boat is the left hand side as you face the bow while standing on board, and the star- board side is the right hand side. An easy way of remembering tMs is by recalling the sentence, "Jack left port." Direction of Wind Of course, you will see that, if you should forget which way the wind is blowing, you could not possibly know the right posi- tion for your sail; and t. hi? is one of the first requirements for a beginner. It is quite easy to become confused with regard to the direction of the wind, and therefore every boat should be provided with a small flag or fly at its m?ast-hea.d and you should keep watching it at every turn ofs?hebDoaOo?tolttthe habitCampcraft 183 has become instinctive. It is convenient to remember that the fly should always point as nearly as possible to the end of the gaff, except when you are sailing free or before the .wind. Close to Wind Sailing with the boat pointing as nearly as possible against the wind is called sailing dose to the wind; when you lmve turned your bow to the right or left so that the wind strikes both bo?t and sail at right angles you are sailing with the wind abeam; as you let out your sheet so that the boom makes a larger angle with an imaginary line running from the mast to the middle of the stern you are sailing off the wind; and, when your sail stands at right angles to this same line, you are sailing free or before the wind. Before the Wind Sailing free, or before the wind, is the extreme opposite of sailing close hauled or on the wind, and the wind is blowing behind your back instead of approaching the sail.from the di- rection of the mast. If you are sailing free on the port tack, witIx the boom at right angles to the mast on the starboard side, and you should steer your boat sufficiently to starboard, the wind would strike the sail at its outer edge or leech and throw the sail and boom violently over to the port side of the mast. This is called jibing and is a very dangerous thing; it should be carefully guarded against whenever sailing before the wind. i?eefing If you find th-?t the wind is too strong for your boat, and that you are carrying too much sail, you can let her come up into the wind and t?ke in one or two reefs. This is done by letting out both the throat and peak halllards enough to give suffcient slack of sail, then by hauling the sail out toward the end of the boom, and ?fterward by rolling the sail up and tying the points under and around it, but not around the boom. Always use a square or reef knot in tying your reef points. In case of a squall or a strong puff of wind, remember that you can always ease the pressure on your sail by turning the bow into the wind, and if for any reason you wish to shorten suddenly you can drop your peak by loosening the peak halllards. Ready About Before "going about," or turning your bow so tlmt the wincl will strike the other side of the sail at its mast end, ?gn Digitized by ?,,? ? '?(? I.?L.i8 4 Boy Scouts at the helm 'should always give warning by singing out the word?, "ready about." "Going about" is just the oppodte of 'jibbing. Right of Way When two boats approach each other in opposite directions, close hauled, the boat on the starboard tack has the fight of way and should continue her course. The responsibility ot avoiding a collision rests with the boat sailing on the port tack. But a boat z?mnlng before the wind must always give way to a boat dose hauled. When s?iling through high waves, always try as far as pomible to head into them directly at right angles. Always steer as steadily as possible. If you are careful to keep the boat on her course and do not let your mind wander, only a slight motion of the tiller from side to side will be necessary. Flying the Flag N?V'hile the "fly" or "pennant" is carried at the top of the mast, the flag is carried at the peak or upper corner of the sail at the end of the gaff. The salute consists Of tipping or slightl? lowering the flag and raising it again into positio--Campcraft 18 5 Note?x86 Boy Scouts l?lote?CHAPTER !V T!AILINO AND $10NALINO By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout "I wish I could go West and join the Indians so that I should have no lessons to learn," said' an unhappy small boy who could discover no atom of sense or purpose in any one of the three R's. "You never made a greater mistake," said the scribe. "For the young Indians have many hard lessons from their earliest days m hard lessons and hard punishments. With them the dread penalty of failure is 'go hungry till you win,' and no harder task have they than their reading lesson. Not twenty-six characters are 'to be learned in this exercise, but one thousand; not clear straight print are they, but dim, washed-out, crooked traces; not in-doors on comfortable chairs, with a patient teacher always near, but out in the forest, often alone and in every kind of weather, they slowly decipher their letters and read sentences of the oldest writing on earth --a style so old that the hieroglyphs of Egypt, the cylinders of Nippur, and the draw- ings of the cave men are as things of to-day in comparison -- the one universal script m the tracks in the dust, mud, or snow. "These are the inscriptions that every hunter must learn to read infallibly, and be they strong or faint, straight or crooked, simple or overwritten with many a puzzling, diverse phrase, he must decipher and follow them swiftly, unerringly if there is to be a successful ending to the hunt which pro- vides his daily food. "This is the reading lesson of the young Indians, and it is a style that will never become out of date. The naturalist also must acquire some measure of proficiency in the ancient art. Its usefulness is unending to the student of wild life; without it he would know little of the people of the wood." There Are Still Many Wild Animals It is a remarkable fact that there are always more wild animals about than any but the expert has an idea of. For?88 Boy Scouts example, there are, within twenty miles of New York City, fully fifty different kinds- not counting birds, reptiles, or fishes -- one .quarter of Which at least are abundant. Or more particularly within the limits of Greater New York there are at least a dozen species of wild beasts, half of which are quite common. "Then how is it that w? never see any?" is the fi?st question of the incredulous. The answer is: Long ag6 the beasts learned the dire lesson- man is our worst enemy; shun him at any price. And the simplest way to do this is to come out only at night. Man is a d?ytime creature; he isblind in the soft half- light that most beasts prefer.

While many an/m/ds have always limited their activity to 

the hours of twilight and gloom, there are not a few'that moved about in .daytime, but have given up that portion of their working d?y in order to avoid the arch enemy, . Thus they can florafish under our noses and est.at our tables, without our knowledge or consent. They come and go atWill, a?l the world knows nothing of them; their p.veseace might long go .unsuspected but for .one thing, well known to the hunter, the trapper,' and the naturalist: wherever the wild four- foot goes, it leaves behind a record of its visit, its name, the direction whence it came, the time, the thing it did or tried to do, with the time and direction of departure.. These it puts down in the ancient script. Each of these .dotted lines, called the trail, is a wonderful, Unfinished record of the crea- ture's life during the time.it made the same, and it needs only the patient work of the naturalist to decipher that record and from it' learn much about the animal that made 'it, without that animal ever having been seen. Savages are more skilful at it than civilized folk, because tracking is their serious life-long pursuit and they do not injure their eyes with books. Intelligence is important here as else- where, yet it is a remarkable fact that the lowest race of man- kind, the Australian blacks, are reputed to be by far the best trackers; not only are their eyes and attention developed and disciplined, but they have retained much of the scent power that civilized man has lost, and can follow a fresh track, partly at least by smell. It is hard to over-value the powers of the clever tracker. To him the trail of each animal is not a mere series of similar footprints; it is an accurate account of the creature's life, habit, changing whims, and emotions during the portion of life whose record is in view. These are indeed autobiag?p?(?Tracks, Trailing and Signaling No. z No. ? DiDitiz?d ?,Googlex9o Boy Scouts and differ from other autobiographies in this -- they cannot tell a lie. We may getwrong information from them, but it'is our fault if we do; we misread the document that Cannot falsify. When to Lzarn Tracking The ideal time for tntck?g, and almost the only time for most folk, is when the ground is white. After the first snow the student walks forth and begins at once to realize the won- ders of the trail. A score of creatures of whose existence, maybe, he did not know, are now revealed about him, and the reading of their autographs becomes easy. It is when the snow is on the ground, indeed, that we take our four-foot census of the woods. How often we learn with surprise from the telltale white that a fox was around our hen house last night, a mink is living even now under the wood pile, and a deer --yes! there is no mistaking its sharp-pointed un- sheep-like footprint -~ has wandered into our woods from the farther wilds. Never lose the chance of the first snow if you wish to become a trailer. Nevertheless, remember that the first mornlag after a nlght's snow fall is not so good as the second. Most creatures "lie up" during the storm; the snow hides the tracks of those that do go forth; and some actually go into a "c01d sleep" for a day or two after a heavy downfall. But a calm, mild night following a storm is sure to offer abundant and ideal opportunity for beginning the study of the trail. How to Lzarn Here are some of the important facts to keep in view, when you set forth to master the rudiments: First.--No two animals leave the same trail; not bnly each kind but each individual, and each individual at each stage of its life, leaves a trail as distinctive as the creature's appearance, and it is obvious that in that they differ among themselves just as we do, because the young know their mothers, the mothers know their young, and the old ones know their mates, when scent is clearly out of the question. Another simple evidence of this is the well known fact that no two human beings have the same thumb mark; all living creatures have corresponding peculiarities, and all use these parts in making the trail. Second.--The trail was begun at the birthplace of that creature and ends only at its death place; it may?be recorded in visible track or perceptible odor. It ?y?s?fi? fewTracks, Trailing and Signaling ?9? hours, and may be too faint even for an expert with present equipment to follow, but evidently the trail is made, wherever the creature journeys afoot. Third.- It varies with every important change of impulse, 'action, or emotion. Fourth.- When we find a trail we may rest assured that, if Hving, t? cr?ture that made it ?s at t? other end. And ff one can follow, it is only a question of time before coming up with that animal. And be sure of its direction before setting out; many a novice has lost much time by going backward on the trail. Fifth. ? In studying trails one must always keep probabil- ities in mind. Sometimes one kind of track looks much like another; then the question is, "Which is the likeliest in this place." If I saw a jaguar track in India, I should know it was made by a leopard. If I found a leopard in Colorado, I should be sure I had found the mark of a cougar or mountain lion. A wolf track on Broadway would doubtless be the doing of a very large dog, and a St. Berr?4.rd's footmark in the Rockies, twenty miles from anywheref W?tfid most likely turn out to be the happen-so imprint of a gray wows foot. To be sure of the marks, then, one should know all the animals that belong to the neighborhood. These facts are well known to every hunter. Most savages are hunters, and one of the early lessons of the Indian boy is - to know the tracks of the different beasts about him. These are the letters of the old, old writing. A First Try Let us go forth into the woods in one of the North-eastern states when there is a good tracking snow, and learn a few of these letters of the wood alphabet. Two at least are sure to be seen- the track of the blarina and of the deer mouse. They are shown on the same scale in Figs. x and 2, page x98. In Fig. 3 is the track of the meadow mouse. This is not unlike that of the blarina, because it walks, being a ground animal, while the deer mouse more often bounds. The delicate lace traceries of the masked shrew, shown in Fig. 4, are almost invisible unless the sun be low; they are difficult to draw, and impossible to photograph or cast satisfactorily but the sketch gives enough to recognize them by. ?n?t?d bgGOO?[C, The meadow mouse belongs to the rank grass m me towaanoBoy Scouts near the brook, and passing it toward the open, running water we may see the curious track of the muskrat; its five-toed hind foot, its four-toed front foot, and its long keeled tail, are plainly on record. When he goes slowly the tail mark is nearly straigh$; when he goes fast it is wavy in proportion to his pace. Page x93. The muskrat is a valiant beast; he never dies without fightLug to the last, but he is in dread of another brookland creature whose trail is here m the mink. Individual tracks of this animal are shown in No. ?, page x6x. Here he was bound- ing; the forefeet are togt.?ther, the hindfeet track ahead, and tail mark shows, and but four toes in each track, though the creature has five on each foot. He is a dreaded enemy of poor Molly Cottontail, and more than once I have seen the records of his relentless pursuit. One of .these fits in admirably as an illustration of our present study. A Story of the Trail It was in the winter of I9oo, I was standing with my brother, a business man, on Goat Island, Niagara, when he remarked, "How is it? You and I have been in the same parts of America for twenty years, yet I never see any of the curious sides animal life that you are continually coming &cross. "Largely because you do not study tracks," was the reply. C,Look at your feet now. There is a whole history to be read." "I see some marks," he replied, "that m/ght have been made by some animal." 'CThat is the track of a cottontaft," was the answer. "Now, let us read the chapter of his llfe. See, he went in a general straight course as though making some well-known haunt, his easy pace, with eight or ten inches between each set of tracks, shows unalarm. But see here, joining on, is some- thing else." "So there is. Another cottontail." "Not at all, this. new track is smaller, the forefeet are more or less paired, showing that the creature can climb a tree; there is a suggest/on of toe pads and there is a mark telling evidently of a long tail; these things combined with the size and the place identify it dearly. This is the trail of a n?inir. See! he has also found the rabbit track? and finding it fresh, he followed it. His bounds are lengthened now, but the rabbit's are not, showing that the latter was unconscious of the pursuit." After one hundred yards'the double trail 1? us to. a great pile of wood, and into this both Went.?g?H/nriag3fb?S?edSignaling t93 [ Track Trailing and Dog tracks, Cat tracks, ? front and back front and back (]? life-size) (? life-size) game into dense cover, Uppermost, well-devel- the trailer's first business oped human ? was to make sure that it foot did not go out the other Middle, a side. We went carefully foot always around the pile; there cramped by were no tracks leading boots Bottom, a out. ' bare foot, "Now," I said, "if you never in Muskrat tracks, will take the trouble to boots (? life-size) 'move that wood pile you will find in it the remains of the rabbit half devoured and the mink himself. At this moment he is no doubt curled up asleep." As the pile was large and the conclusion more or less sell- evident/my brother was content to accept my reading of the episode. What About Winter Sleepers Although so much is to be read in the wintry white, we cannot' now make a full account of all the woodland foup4oots,, for there are some kinds that do not come out 6?t?.l?l? ?l?l?ey sleep more or less all winter.Boy Scout Thus, one rarely sees the track of a chipmunk or woodch? in truly wintry weather; and never, so far as I know, have the trails of jumping mouse or mud turtle been seen in the St. )w. These we can track only in the mud or dust. Such trails not be .followed as far as those in the snow, simply because the mud and dust do not cover the whole country, but they are usually as dear and in some respects more easy of record. i? How to Make Pictures of Tracks It is a most fascinating amusement to learn some crea?'.ure s way of life by following its fresh track for hours in good ?now. I never miss such a chance. H I cannot find a fresh t?ack, I take a stale one, knowing that, theoretically, it is fr??her at every step, and from practical experience that it alway s brings one to some track that is fresh. How often I have wished for a perfect means of' transfer- ring these wild life tales to paper or otherwise maki?g a per- manent collection. My earliest attempts were in f.ree-hand drawing, which answers, but has this great disadvantage. b it is a translation, a record discolored by an intervening periopal- ity, and the value of the result is likely to be limited by one's own knowledge at the time. Casting in plaster was another means attempted; but not one track in ten thousand is fit to cast. Nearly all are blemished and imperfect in some way, and the most abundant -- those in snow -- cannot be cast at all. Then I tried spreading plastic wax where the beasts would walk on it, in pathways or before dens. How they did scoff! The simplest ground squirrel knew too much to venture on my waxen snare; around it, or if hemmed in, over it, with a mighty bound they went; but never a track did I so secure. Photography naturally suggested itsel/, but the dlt?culties proved as great as unexpected, almost as great as in casting. Not one track in one thousand is fit to photograph; the essential details are almost always left out. You must have open sun- light, and even when the weather is perfect there are practically but two times each day when it is possible -- in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, when the sun is high enough for dear photo- graphs and low enough to cast a shadow in the faint track. The Coon that Showed Me How Then a new method was suggested in an unexpect?ed way. A friend of mine had a pet coon which he kep?iab?L?.? bachelor quarters up town. One day, during my fn?nd'sTracks, Trailing and Signaling x95 absence the coon got loose and set about a series of long- deferred exploring expeditions, beginning with the bachelor's bedroom. The first promising object was a writing desk. Mounting by a chair the coon examined several uninteresting books and papers, and then noticed higher up a large stone bottle. He had several times found pleasurable stuff in bottles, so he went for it. The cork was lightly in and easily disposed of, but the smell was far from inviting, for it was merely a quart of' ink. Determined to leave no stone unturned, however, the coon upset the ink to taste and try. Alas! it tasted even worse than it smelt; it was an utter failure as a beverage. And the coon, pushing it contemptuously away, turned to a pile of fine hand-made, decide-edge, heraldry note-paper -- the pride of my friend's heart -- and when he raised his inky little paws there were left on the paper some beautiful black prints. This was a new idea: the coon tried it again and again. But the ink held out longer than the paper, so that the fur- clad painter worked over sundry books, and the adjoining walls, while the ink, dribbling over everything, formed a great pool below the desk. Something attracted the artist's atten- tion, causing him to jump down. He landed in the pool of ink, making it splash in all directions; some of the black splotches reached the white counterpane of the bachelor's bed. An- other happy idea: the coon now leaped on the bed, racing around as long as the ink on his feet gave results. As he paused to rest, or perhaps to see if any places had been neglected, the door opened, and in came the landlady. The scene which followed was too painful for description; no one present enjoyed it. My friend was sent for to come and take his coon out of there forever. He came and took him away, I suppose "forever." He had only one other place for him --his office and there it was I made the animal's acquaintance and heard of his exploit -- an ink and paper, if not a literary affair.. This gave me the hint at the Zoo I needed, a plan to make an authentic record of animal tracks. Armed with printer's ink and paper rolls I set about gathering a dictionary collection of imprints. After many failures and much experiment, better methods were devised. A number of improvements were made by my wife; one was the substitution of black paint for printer's ink, as the latter dries too quickly; another was the padding of the paper, which should be light and soft for ?T?'Y ligl?t animals, and stronger and harder for the from a mouse, for example, is much like printing a delicate?96 Boy Scouts etching; ink, paper, dampness, etc., must be exactly right, and furthermore, you have this handicap --you cannot regu- late the pressure. This is, of course, strictly a Zoo method. All attempts to secure black prints from wild animals have been total failures. The paper, the smell of paint, etc., are enough to keep the wild things away. In the Zoo we spread the black pad and the white paper in a narrow, temporary lane, and one by one drove, or tried to drive, ' the captives over them, securing a series of t. racks that are life-size, properly spaced, absolutely authentic, and capable of yielding more facts as the observer learns more about the subject. As related here, all this sounds quite easy. But no one has any idea how cross, crooked, and contrary a creature can be, until he wishes it to repeat for him some ordinary things that it has hitherto done hourly. Some of them balked at the paint, some at the paper, some made a leap to clear all, and thereby wrecked the entire apparatus. Some would begin very well, but rush back when half-way over, so as to destroy the print already made, and in most cases the calmest, steadiest, tamest of beasts became utterly wild, erratic, and unmanageable when approached with tracklogical intent. Trying It on the ?;at Even domestic animals are difficult. A tame cat that was highly trained to do anything a cat could do, was selected as promising for a black track study, and her owner's two boys volunteered to get all the cat tracks I needed. They put down a long roll of paper in a hall, painted pussy's feet black, and pro- ceeded to chase her up and down. Her docility banished under the strain. She raced madly about, leaving long, useless splashes of black; then, leaping to a fanlight, she escaped up stairs to take refuge among the snowy draperies. After which the boys' troubles began. Drawing Is Mostly Used These, however, are mere by-accidents and illustrate the many practical difficulties. After these had been conquered with patience and ingenuity, there could be no doubt of the value of the prints. They are the best of records for size, spacing, and detail, but fail in giving incidents/of?W?t?)?fe, or the landscape surroundings. The draw?d, bk?? s?en, are best for ? long series and for faint features; in fact, theTracks, Trailing and Signaling ?b7 drawings alone can give everything .you can perceivei bht they fail in authentic size and detail. Photography has this great advantage- it gives the sur- roundings, the essential landscape and setting, and, therefore, the local reason for any changes of action on the part of the animal; also the a?sthetic beauties of its records are unique, and will help to keep the method in a high place. Thus each of the three means may be successful in a different way, and the best, most nearly perfect alphabet of the woods, would include all three, and consist of a drawing, a pedoscript and a photograph of each track, and a trail; i.e., a single footprint, and the long series of each animal. My practice has been to use all whenever I could, but still I find free-hand drawing is the one of the most practical applica- tion. When I get a photograph I treasure it as an adjunct to the sketch. A Story of the Trail To illustrate the relative value as records, of sketch'a'nd photograph, I give a track that I drew from nature, but which could not at any place have been photographed. This was made in February x5, x885, near Toronto. It is really a con- densation of the facts, as the trail is shortened where uninteresting. Page x89, No. 2. At A, I found a round place about $ x 8 inches, where a cot- tontaft had crouched dur/ng the light snow/all. At B he had leaped out and sat looking around; the small prints in front were made by his forefeet, the two long ones by his hind feet, and farther back is a litfie dimple made by the tail, showing that he was sitting on it. Something alarmed him, causing him to dart out at full speed toward C and D, and now a remarkable change is to be seen: the marks made by the front feet are behind the large marks made by the hind feet, because the rabbit overreaches each time; the hind feet track ahead of the front feet; the faster he goes, the farther ahead those hind feet get; and what would happen if he multiplied his speed by ten I really cannot imagine. This overreach of the hind feet takes place in most bounding animals. Now the cottontail began a series of the most extraordinary leaps and dodgings (D,E,F.) as though trying to escape from some enemy. But what enemy? There were no other tracks. I began to think the rabbit was crazy- was flying from an imaginary foe- that possibly I was on the tra/l cff?a.M?tch

Digitized  ? L 

hare. But at G ! found for the first t?me some SZl? ?'?[?t.Boy Scouts This told me that the rabbit was in real danger but gave no

clue to its source. I wondered ff a weasel were clinging to its 

neck. A few yards farther, at//, ! found more blood. Twenty yards more, at I, for the first time on each side of the rabbit trail, were the obvious marks of a pair of broad, strong wings. Oho! now I knew the mystery of the cottontail running from a foe that left no track. He was pursued by an eagle, a hawk, TRACKS Blarfi? in snow 3. Meadow mouse Deer mouse 4. Masked shrew or an owl. A few yards farther and I found the remains (J) of the cottontail partly devoured. This put the eagle out of the question; an eagle would have carried the rabbit off boldly. A hawk or an owl then was the assassin. I looked for something to decide which, and close by the remains found the peculiar two-paired track of an owl. A hawk's track wo?l?lJo?.?e been as K, while the owl nearly always sets?l?u/fi?CgroundTracks, Trailing and Signaling with two toes forward and two toes back. But which owl? There were at least three in the valley that might be blamed. I looked for more proof and got it on the near-by sapling t one sm?11 feather, downy, as are all owl feathers, and bearing three broad bars, telling me plainly that a barred owl had been there lately, and that, therefore, he was almost certainly the slayer of the cottontail. As I busied myself making notes, what should come flying up the valley but the owl himseft -- back to the very place of the crime, intent on completing his meal no doubt. He alighted on a branch ten feet above my head and just over the rabbit remains, and sat there muttering in his throat. The proof in this c?e was purely circumstantial, but I think that we can come to only one conclusion; that the evidence of the track in the snow was complete and convincing. Meadow Mouse The meadow mouse autograph (page x89) illustrates theblack- track method. At first these dots look inconsequent and fortuitous, but a careful examination shows that the creature had four toes with claws on the fore feet, and five on the hind, which is evidence, though not conclusive, that it was a rodent; the absence of tail marks shows that the tail was short or wanting; the tubercles on each palm show to what group of mice the creature belongs. The alternation of the track shows that it was a ground-animal, not a tree-climber; the spacing shows the shortness of the legs; their size determines the size of the creature. Thus we come near to reconstructing the animal from its tracks, and see how by the help of these studies, we can get much light on the by-gone animals whose only monuments are tracks in the sedimentary rocks about us t rocks that, when they received these imprints, were the muddy margin of these long-gone creatures' haunts. What the Trail (lives- The Secrets o! the Woods There is yet another feature of trail study that gives it exceptional value --it is an accopnt of the creature pursuing its ordinary life. If you succeeded in getting a glimpse of a fox or a hare in the woods, the chances are a hundred to one that it was aware of your presence first. They are much cleverer than we are at this sort of thing, and if they do not actually sight or sense us, they observe, and are warned by the action of some other creature that did sense us, and so ?.a?se? t_?e_ir occupations to steal away or hide. But th?mow??"Wild Turkey Toad Crow " '? ,v ": x. Jack rabbit e. Cottontail 3. Gray squirrel 4. Coon?5?A?!?und- blrd, such as quail 6. Tree-bird 7- A bird llvin?g?qq?h?,t?trtly on groundTracks, Trailing and Signaling tell of the life that the animal ordinarily leads- its method of searching for food, its kind of food, the help it gets from. friends, or sometimes from its rivals -- and thus offers an in'sight into its home ways that is scarcely to be attained in any other Hor?e?' Tracks N.B.?The large tracks represent the hind fe?t. W?lldng

Yrottmg o.F. O., ?U?' ?n GaUog lame I-Iors? Walking: Which l?g i.s he lame in i) 'l'nese are the tracks of two b?'ds on the ground.. lives generally on the ground, the other An bushes and (From Sir Robert Baden Po?t, ell's book) way. The trailer has the key to a new storehouse of Nature's secr(?s, another of the Sybilline books is opened to h?view; his fairy godmother has, indeed, conferred onzoz Boy Scouts gi/t in opening his eyes to the foot-writing of the trail. It is like giving sight to the blind man, like the rolling away of fogs from a mountain view, and the trailer comes closer than others to the heart of the woods. Dowered with a precious power is he, ' He drinks where others sipped, And wild things write their lives for him In endless manuscript. The 'American Morse Telegraph Alphabet A B .- c o [ F el l?OO? O Ill - Oil G H ! J' K t ?e eeoc ee ?e?e ?e? M N 0 '"P Q R S T U V W X eee ? ee? eee? e?m e?ee Y Z -' A ee ee eee/e ""e coo oee e?ee NUMERALS 3 4 7 8 Comma, mutt mutt Semicolon, Si Colon. Ko P?, a a .-,..-,. a a Interrogation, m mm Quo?n, Qn P?ph, ? I 1 I Exclamation, Parenthesis, 1% Brackets, Bn Dollar mark, Sx Dash, Dx Hyphen, Hx Underline, Ux Signals 4. Start me. 5. Have you anything for me? 9- Train order (or important military ?e?C? messa ' y. ]3. Do you understand? ?g?t?z$O. 73. Accept compliments. ?s. Deliver (ed). Tracks, Trailing and Signaling Busy. Circuit dosed (or dosed station). A bb?oialiom Ahr-Ano?her. G R-Government rate. Am-Answer. N M-No more. Ck-Check. Min-Wait a moment Col-Collect. 0 B-Official business. D H-Dead head. 0 K-All right G A-Go ahead. Op _rL?.rator. G E-Good evening. Pd-Pa?d. G M-C, ood morning. Qk-Quick. G N-Good night. Sig-Signature. Rememberable Morse or Re=Morse Alphabet 2O3 By thia n.ethod it is possible to learn the Morse an hourzo 4 Boy Scouts "_X '?'-i ,,, .,/ '..?.: V ! ',. / ",. ' i'"v' ,? ,, ! ?:. ' -

,?J [?, From A to B in both figures, R?, ? ? illustrates method of making a dot. A complete swing from A to C in both figures indicates method of making a dash. Wig-Wag or Myer Code Instructions for Using the System , . The whole number opposite each. letter or numeral stands for tha? letter or numeral A ................. 52 J ............... x125 S ............... 5x2 B ............... 5112 K ............ ....5151 T ................. 5 C ................ I5! D ............... 555 F ............... 222i G ............... 22ii H ............... 152 Numerals I ............... IIIl 5 ............... 1125 7 ............... 1525 g ............... 1251 L ................ 22x U ............... 112 M .............. x221 V .............. x522 N ................. 11 W ........... ?..xx2x 0 ................. 5I X .............. 2122 P ............... 1515 Y ............... Q .... ............ 1511 Z .............. R ................ 5ii tion ............ xxxa 2 ............... 2522 4 ............... 222I 6 ............... 52IZ 8 ............... 211? O ............... 5112 Conv?ional $ignah End of word ................... $ Wait a moment ........... End of ?ntence ............... 33 Re?t ?ter (word) End of m?ge .............. 333 x2x x2x 3 22 3 x x 3 ....... n?emh follow (o0 Re?t l?t word ... n?er? end. R?t hst m?sage s? 3 ........ si?at?e follows. xax xax xax 333 E?r .................... xe xa 3 Move a Htfle to ?ht A?owl?ent, or "I ?der- axx 2xx 3 ?nd" .............. a2 a2 3 Move a Httle to left faster ................ ? ?v OOTracks, Trailing and Signaling ............ sfter n ......... not ........... bdo? r ........... are ........... can t ........... the ............ have u .......... you

Rememberable Myer Code 

The elements -- a thick and a thin, i. ?. ? and w ......... wot?! wi ......... with y .......... yes To Signal with Flag or Torch Wig=Wag There is but one position and three motions. The first position is with the flag or other appli??nce he, ld vertically, the signalman facing squarely towax?btl?c?t?th with which it is desired to communicate.2o6 Boy Scouts The first motion ("one" or "x ") is to the right of the sender and will embrace an arc of 9o degrees, starting with the vertical and returning to it, and will be made in a plane at right angle to the line connecting the two stations. The second motion ("two" or "2") is a similar motion to the left of the sender. The third motion ("front," "three" or "3") is downward, directly in front of the sender, and instantly returned upward to the first position. Numbers which occur in the body of a message must be spelled out in full.. Numerals may be used in signaling between stations having naval books, using the code calls. To break or stop the signals from the sending station, make with the flag or other signal x 2 x ? x ? continuously. To Send a Message To call a station signal its letter until acknowledged; if the call letter be not known, signal "E" until acknowledged. To acknowledge a call, signal "I understand," followed by the call letter of the acknowledging station. Make a slight pause after each letter and also after "front." If the sender discovers that he has made an error he should make 3 followed by ?2 ?2 3, after which he begins the word in which the error occurred. The Semaphore Signal Code The scout may learn the correct angles at which to hold the flags from the diagram. The easiest method of learning the alphabet is by grouping the various letters together as follows: For all letters from A to G, one arm only is used, making a quarter of a circle for each letter in succession. The letters from H to N (except J) -- the right arm stands at A while the left moves round the circle for the other letters. For 0 to S, the right arm stands at B -- the left arm moves round as before. For T, U, Y and the "annul," the right arm stands at C, the left moving to the next point of the circle successively. The numerical sign J (or alphabetical sign) and V--the right arm stands at position for letter D th?gl,?b?cbeing moved.'Tracks, Trailing and Signaling 2o? W'and X -- the left arm stands at position for letter E, the right in thi.? case moving down 45 degrees to show letter X. For the letter Z, the left arm stands at the position G-- the right arm crosses the breast taking the position F.?,o8 Boy Scouts' The letters A to I also stand for the figures x to 9 (K stantlhg for O), ff you make the numerical sign to show that yon are going to send numbers followed by the alphabetical sign (J) when the figures axe finished. They will be checked by being repe?ted back .by the receiving station. Shonld figu? be wrongly repeated by the receiving station the sending station wifi s?nd the "annul" sign (whichis answered by the ?me sign) and then send the group of figures again.. . The sender must ahvays face the station to which he is sending. On a word failing to make sense, the writer down will

say, "no," when the reader will at once stop the sending station 

by. raising both arms horizontally to their full extent (letter R). This demand for repetition the sending station will acknowl- ledge by making J. The signaler receiving the message will then send the last word he has read correctly, upon which the sender will continue the message from that word. Whistle Signs i. One long blast means "Silence," "Alert," "Look out for my next signal." Also approaching & station. 5. Two short blasts means "All right." 3. A succession of lon?, slow blasts means "Go out," "Get faxther away," or "Advano?" "Extend," "Scatter." 4. A succession of short, sharp blasts means "Rally," "Close in," "Come together," "Fall in," "Danger," "Alarm." $. Three short blasts followed by one long one from scout master calls up the patrol leaders -- i.e., "Leaders, come here." Any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double -- as fast as you can run -- no matter what other job you may be doing at the ?ime. Hand or Flag Sigmais Hand signals, which can also be made by patrol leaders with their patrol flags when necessary: Hand waved several times across the face from side to s.de or flag waved horizontally, from side to side opposite the face, means "No," "Never mind," "As you were." Hand or flag held high, and waved as though pushing forward, at full extent of arm, or whistle a succession of slow blasts means "Extend," "Go farther out," "Scatter." Hand or flag held high, and waved rapidly from side to side, at full extent of arm, or a succession of sho?t, quii:k blasts on the whistle, means "Close in," "l?atl?'?.? here," "Danger, .... Cattle on track."Tracks, Trailing and Signaling 2o9. /land or flag pointing in any direction means "Go in that direction." Clenched hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times means, "Hurry," "Run." The movement, pushing or beckoning, indicates whether "Hurry here" or "Hurry there." Hand (or flag) held straight up over head, palm forward, means "Stop," "Halt."' When a leader is shouting an order or message to a scout who is some way off, the scout, if he hears what is being said, should hold up his hand level with his head all the time. I/ he cannot hear, he should stand still, making no sign. The leader will then repeat louder, or beckon to the sc6ut to come in nearer. The following signals a?e made by a scout with his staff when he is sent out to reconnoiter within sight of his patrol, and they have the following meaning: Staff held up horizontally, that is, level, with both hands above the head, means, "I have found." The s?me, but with staff moved up and down slowly, means, "! have found, but a long way off." The same, staff moved up and down rapidly, means, "I have found, and close by." The staff held straight up over the head means, "Nothing in sight." Indian Signs and Blazes Shaking a blanket: I want to talk to you. Hold up a tree-branch: I want to make peace. Hold up a weapon, means war: I am ready to fight. Hold up a pole horizontally, with hands on it: I have found something. This is good water. Good water not far in this direction.' A long way to good water, go in direction of arrow, ..?' We camped here because one ofBoy Scouts. War or trouble about. Peace. Road to be followed. Letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of arrow. This path not to be followed. "I have gone home." WIRELESS TELEORAPH Ti? Boy $ov2 WireJe?s Club Y.M.C.A.,Newark, N.J. The following directions are given for an up-to-date wireless apparatus for stationary use in the home or at the meeting place of each patrol. We will consider the receiving apparatus first: The first thing to do is to build an aerial. First find out how long your location will allow you to build it, and how high. It ought to be at least 5o to 6o feet high and about 7o to xoo feet long. The main point in building an aerial is to have itTracks, Trailing and Signaling well insulated from the ground, and all connections in wire, perfectly solid. It is advisable to solder every connection and to make your aerial strong as it has a great deal to do with the working qualities of the station. After this is completed, the inside work on instruments should begin. x. A pair of watch-case receivers having a resistance of xooo ohms each, manufactured by a tel/able firm. 5. A loose coupler tuning coil of about 8oo meters. 3. One of Mordock's metal detectors or one of similar design 4. A variable condenser of about $-xo plates. $. A fixed condenser so arranged that its capac/ty can be changed if desired. With these instruments the receiving set is complete, so we next take up the sending apparatus. x. A two-inch induction coil. 5. A heavy spark gap (zinc preferable). 3. One wireless key with heavy contacts. 4- A plate condenser which can be easily made by any sc6ut. Good glass is the main point. $. A triple pole, double throw aerial switch. (Can be made by scouts.) Now you have everything necessary to go ahead and assem- ble your station. The next thing is to connect them up. Above is a diagram which will make a good station for a scout. This station, if the aero is of the proper height, is capable of sending messages from 8 to io miles. The Receiving Set Perhaps the most fundamentally important part of a wire- less telegraph station is the aerial. Its construction varies with each station, but a few general suggestions may be of use. The builder should aim to get as high and as long an aerial as possible, height being the more important factor. In a stationary set the aerial may be fastened to a tree or pole or high building whilb in a field set a tree or an easily portable pole must be used. The aerial itself should be made of copper wire and should be hung between spreaders as long as convenient and insulated from them by two cleat insulators in series at each end. The experimenter should see that his leadin?-inr?/r? .placed convemently and comes m contact w?th {:?e wa?t?.t, ?2I Z 'Boy Scouts aS little as possible. All points of contact must be well in- subted with glass, porcelain, or hard rubber. The tuning coil is very simple in'construction. A card- board tube, about three inches in diameter, is mounted. between two square heads. This tube is wound. with No. 24 insulated copper wire and very well shellacked to.&?oi'?loosen- ing of the wire. Two pieces of one quarter inch square brass rod, to be fast- ened between the beads, are secured, and a slider, as shown in drawing, is made. The rods are fastened on the heads and the insulation in the path of the slides is then well scraped off. Binding posts are then fastened to rods and coll ends.Tracks, Trailing and Signaling zx3 The detector, although the most important of the instru- ments, is perhaps the simplest. It is constructed of a hardwood base with a small brass plate fastened on by means of a binding post. On the other end of the base is fastened a double bind- ing post which holds a brass spring, as in the drawing. On the end of t_hi.? 'spring is fastened a copper point made by winding a few inches of No. 36 or 40 wire on it and allowing about three sixteenths of an inch to project. This completes the detector but, for use in this instrument, lead sulphide or Galena crystals must be secured. The condenser is made of two pieces of fin-foil, four by ten, and three pieces of waxed paper a little larger than the foil. A piece of wire is twisted into the end of each piece of foil, and then one sheet of foil is laid on a sheet of paper. This is then covered by another sheet of paper upon which is laid the second sheet of foil. On top of this is laid the third sheet of paper and the whole is folded into a convenient bundle. The sheets of foil must be well insulated from each other and the wires must project from the condenser. The ground connection is made by soldering a wire to a cold- water pipe. In the case of a portable set the ground may be made by driving a metal rod into the ground or sinking metal netting into a body of water. The telephone receivers cannot well be made and must therefore be bought. The type of 'phones used will therefore depend entirely on the builder's purse. The Sending Set The same aerial and ground are used for sending as were used for receiving, and for the experimenter, it will be far cheaper to buy a spark coil for his sending set than to attempt to make one. For a field set there will be very little need of a sending helix, as close tuning will be hardly possible; but for the stationary set this is very useful. The helix is made by building a drum with s?]uare heads fvstened together by six or eight uprights, arranged on the circumference of a circle. On this then are wound ten or twelve turns of No. xo or x2, brass or coppcr wire. Binding posts are fastened to the ends of the wire and variable contact made on the turns by means of metal spring clips. The spark gap is made of a hardwood base with two to which are fastened strips of brass. UnderZI 4 Boy Scouts placed two pieces of battery zincs so as to make the gap be- tween their ends variable. Binding posts are fastened to the strips for contact. The sending condenser is the same as the receiving in construction, but different in material. The dielectric is glass while the conducting surfaces are tin-foil, arranged in a pile of alternate sheets of glass and foil. The foil is shaped as in draw- ing and alternate sheets have their lugs projecting on opposite sides, all lugs on same side being connected together. For a one-inch coil but a few of these plates are needed, but for higher power a greater number are necessary. All that now remains is the setting up of the instru- ments. They are arranged as in the drawing, a double-point, !ogleTracks, Trailing and Signaling double-throw switch being used to switch from sending to receiving. After having connected. up the receiving instruments, the receiver is placed at the ear and the point of the detector placed on the various parts of the mineral until the signals are heard clearly. Then the tuning coil is adjusted until the signals are loudest. The sending apparatus is set up, the key and batteries having been bought or made, and used to call some other station. The clip is put on various twins of the helix until the other station signals that the signals are loudest. The station is then ready for actual operation. Noteszx6 Boy Scouts NotesTracks, Trailing and Sinaling 217HAPTR HALTH AND NDURAN Fitness Two things greatly affect the conditions Under which a boy lives in these days. One is that he lives in-doors for the greater part of the time, and the other is that he must attend school, which is pretty largely a matter of sitting still. Two things therefore are needs of every boy: out-door experience and physical activity. To secure endurance, physical power, physical courage, and skill, the first thing needful is to take stock of one's physical make-up, put the body in the best possible condition for doing its work and then keep it in good order. Proper Carriage Head up, chin in, chest out, and shoulders back is a good slogan for a boy scout who desires an erect figure. One can scarcely think of a round-shouldered scout. Yet there are such among the boys who desire to be scouts. There is no particular exercise that a boy can take to cure round shoulders. The thing to remember is that all exercise that is taken should be done in the erect position, then the muscles will hold the body there. An erect body means a deeper chest, room for the important organs to work and thus affords them the best chance to act. A few setting-up exercises each day in the erect position will help greatly to get this result.2zo Boy Scouts Exercise I Exercise 2 Position: Heels together, arms Same as Exercise ?, except that down and at sides, palms in. arms are swung forward, upward Movonz?t: Swing arms, side- to vertical. ways, .upward to vertical, and return. Exercise 3 Exercise. 4 Position: Arras extended to Positio.: Arms at side, hori- side hor/zontal. zontal, back slightly ard/ed. Movemen2: Swing forward and Mommy: Circle arms back return. ward. (Emphasis upon backward movement.) Setting-up Exerc/ses ?,gitized GoogleHealth and Endurance Exercise $ Position: Forearms flexed at side of chest. Movement: Thrust arms for- ward and return. Exercise 6 Position: Arms at front, hori- zontal, forea rms flexed, fingers on shoulders. Movement: Swing backward to side, horizontal in position. Exercise 7 Position: Same as Exercise 6. Mowment: Swing downward, forward, bringing arms be- yond sides of body. Rise on toes with end of backward swing. Exercise 8a Position: Arms at vertical, thumbs locked, head fixed between arms. Setting-up Exercises Exercise 8b Movement: Bend forward as far as possible, without bending knees, and return. Digitized by ?00?[?22z Boy Scouts Repeat exercise 8b Bxerdse 9a Exercise 9b Porltio?: Arms at vertical. Mover?n?: Arm circles, down- ward, inward, across chest. Re- verse the movement. Exercise 10 Position: Arms on hi?ovement: For- ward bend. Exercise II Exercise 12 Position: Same as Position: Same u Exercise xo. Exercise xo. Movcmant: Back- Movemznt: Side- ward bend. ?,g,t,z?d ?e?? ght and Setting-up ExercisesBxercise 13 Position: Same as Exercise ?o, Movernent: Rotate body of w?ist. Health and Endurance Exercise 14 Position: Same as Exercise Movement: Raise high on toes. (Hold shoulders back firmly.) Setting-up Exercises Orowth The chief business of a boy is to grow. Exercise 15 Position: Same as Exercise ?o. Movement: Full knee bend. He may have other affairs, but this is his chief concern. He should, therefore, have a few simple rules for living and make them a part of his daily life. Out-door Exercises Each day should have its out-door exercises. Walking is a splendid form of exercise. Walk to school or business; don't ride unless absolutely necessary because of unusual distance. Walk with a good, swinging stride with chest well up and spine fairly straight. Slow running across country is great; it lacks strain and yet affords splendid stimulation to heart and lungs. Cross-country running and hiking should be favorite sport for scout patrols and troops. A boy ought to have at least two hours of sport daily in some good, vigorous game, such as baseball or tennis, and, if he can possibly afford it, at least two periods a week, of an hour each, in a gymnasium, where he can receive guidance in body building. Boys under sixteen should avoid exercise of strain, such as weight lifting, or sprint running over one hundred yards, or long distance racing. They ?hould have careful guidance in all gymnastic work. ratus may prove harmful unless of the right sort. The horseBoy. Scouts and parallel bars should be used largely to jump over rather than perform upon. Exercises demanding a sustained support of the body with the arms are not helpful, but may be harmful. The chief activity should be of the legs, to strengthen heart and' lungs.. A boy should be careful not to overdo. In his excitement .to win in a contest he is likely to do this unless cautioaed. A boy should never try to reduce his Weight. ?l?Tow that there are weight classes in sports for boys there is a temp- tation to do this and it may prove very serious. Severe train- ing for athletics should be avoided. All training should be in moderation. Medical' Ex?tminations Every boy ought to have, as he takes up his boy-scout work, a thorough medical examination. Some physician who is interested in boys will be willing to act as examiner for a patrol or troop. A boy should know the condition of his heart and lungs before entering any contest. If he has any defects in his breathing apparatus--nose, throat, or lungs, these should be attended to or they will seriously interfere with his endurance tests. Baths Besides exercises a boy should have simple, workable rules for living. A boy ought to take a good soap bath at least twice a week and always after he has played a hard game or per- formed work of a nature that has caused him to perspire freely. Each morning a quick sponge bath should be the first order of the day, in water as cool as he can stand it, followed by a good rub with a coarse towel. If there is a feeling of warmth after the bath, it is helpful, if not, the water should be slightly warm or only a portion of the body should be bathed at a Pain . One thing that should be regarded seriously is pain in any form in any part of the bodyi. If there is a dull headache fre- quently/find out what causes it. Pain in the knee, the arch of the foot, or at any point, should be takewsg?)i?ly. Pain means something wrong. It may. be ?/f?rffYS?frt?t, but itHealth and Endurance 225 iz not wise. It may mean something serious. Remember that pain felt in one part of the body may be the result of some- thing wrong in another part. See a wise doctor about it.

Eating And now in reference to what one shall eat. The average boy ought to have and usually does have an appetite like an ostrich. Three points to remember axe; don't eat too much, most healthy boys do; don't eat meat more than once a day; and, third, don't eat anything that you always taste for severa? hours after you have eaten it, even though you like it. Digestion The fact that you taste it is an indication that your stomach is hav/ng a wrestling match with the food. Some people can't digest on/ohs, others thrive upon them. Some can't eat cu- cumbers, others can do so readily. The one must give them up; the other can continue to eat them. Each person has some peculiarity of diet and must observe it to be happy. Many a race has been lost through failure to obey this rule. A simple diet is best. Most boys eat too much of a mixed nature. They mix pickles, soda water, frankfurters, and chocolate without fear or favor. No wonder there is so much stomach ache. In boys' camps the chief trouble is indigestion caused by th/s riot of eating. Such boys are laying up for themselves for the future some beautiful headaches and bil/ous attacks, which, when they become chroulc later, will cry out against them and seriously impair their value. Don't eat when very tired; lie down a while and get rested. Don't eat heavily before exercising, or, better, put it the other way around, don't exercise immediately after eating. Never eat when excited or angry and very lighfiy when worded or when expecting to study hard. We should learn to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly remembering that all food before it can be taken up in the blood must be as thin as pea soup. Chewing well will help the diges- tive organs greafiy. Always wash the hands before eating. Be careful about eating food that has been exposed to the dust. unless it has been washed. Drink freely of clean water between meals. Never use a public drinking cup without thoroughly rinsing it. Don't touch your lips to the rim of the arm. -- Boys who cook their own meals when in can?iti?li?d?C? -zz6 Boy Scouts ful to have their food well done. Half-baked and soggy food proves indigestible.

• Coffee and Tea

Should a boy drink coffee or tea? This is a question often asked by boys. Coffee and tea are the greatest stimulants known. But does a strong boy need.a stimulant? What is a stimulant and what does it do? A stimulant is a whip, making the body do more at a given time than it ordinarily would. It doesn't add any fiber to the tissues, doesn't add any strength, isn't a food, but merely gets more out of the tissues or nervous system than they would ordinarily yield. Of course there is a reaction, because the tissues have had nothing to feed on. Herbert Fisher says that Peary's men, who drank lots of tea on their voyage north, during the most trying time of their trip showed it in their haggard faces and loss of tissue. Their own tissues had turned cannibal and fed on their own material. Stimulants are not foods. They add no strength to the body. They exact of the body what ought not to be exacted of it. There is always a reaction and one is always worse off as a result. Growing boys especially should have nothing to do with tea t coffee, or any stimulant. Alcohol and Tobacco Alcohol is not a stimulant, but is really a narcotic that is very depressing. It dulls rather than stimulates. The same is true of nicotine in tobacco. No growing boy should use either. The first athletes to drop out of a race are usually drinkers, and all trainers know that smoking is bad for the wind. Constipation Those boys who find their digestion sluggish and are troubled with constipation may find the following plan helpful in over- coming the condition: Drink a cool, copious draught of water upon arising. Then take some body-bending exercises. Follow this with the sponge bath. Then, if posdble, take a walk around the block before 'breakfast. After school, play some favorite game for at least an hour. In the absence of this, take a good hike of three or four miles or a longer bicycle ride. At least twice a week, ff possible, enter a gymnasium class and make so?lcial.?l?ohasis of body-bending exercises. ?t?,...?,?,?Health and Endurance 227 Have a regular time for going to stool. A good .p. lan is to go just before retiring and immediately upon arising. Go even though you feel no desire to do so. A regular habit may be established by this methdd. Always re- spond quickly to any call of nature. Toasted bread and graham bread and the coarser foods and fruit will be found helpful. The Teeth Closely related to the matter of eating is the proper care of the teeth. Perhaps --without care -- the mouth is [he filthlest cavity of the body. We spend a great deal of energy trying to keep food dean and water pure, but what is the use if we place them in a dirty cav/ty as they enter the body. Full 9 per cent. of the children exam/ned in our schooh have decayed and dirty teeth. These decayed teeth provide cavities in which food particles decay and germs grow, and through which poisons are absorbed. These conditions need not exist. Now just a few suggestions about the care of the teeth. Every boy should own his own tooth brush. The teeth should be scrubbed at least twice a day. At night they should reedve most careful cleansing,

using a good tooth paste or powder. Then again in the morning 

they should be rinsed at which time shnply clean water is sufficient. Time should be taken in the cleansing of the teeth. The gums should be included in the scrubbing, as this acts as a good stimulant to the circulation of the blood to the teeth. Not only should the teeth be brushed with a backward and forward stroke, as we ordinarily do, but also upward and down- ward the length of the teeth. In addition to the scrubbing, particles of food which are lodged between the teeth should be removed after meals, or at least after the last meal of the day. This is most safely done by the use of a thread of a fair degree of thickness. Dentists and druggists furnish this thread in spools. Hard toothpicks often cause bleeding and detach fillings. A dentist should be visited once every six months so as to detect decay immediately. Never have a tooth pulled unless abso- lutely necessary. Care of the Eyes Most troubles with the eyes come from eye strai?. Styes and red 1/ds are usually due to this cause. ?/?t?//)?'?o?, therefore, it is to treat these conditions as causes, when really2z8 ,. Boy Scouts they are only the result of something else. Of .course there are exceptions. Sometimes wild hairs and skin disease affect the eyes. Eye strain should be removed by wearing well-fitting glasses and then these other conditions will disappear. If constent headache is experienced or the eyes itch or become tired easily, there is possibly eye strain. One way to test the eye is for vision. Place the following letters fifteen feet from you. If you cannot read them clearly with both eyes and with .each eye separately, consult a first- class oculist. CLVFOT EACFDLOT DVCLAEOTF Never buy eye-glasses unless fitted by an expert. Such glasses should be worn in proper relation to the eyes. They should not be permitted to slide forward on the nose or tilt. They may need to be changed often as the eyes grow better.' For reading, a good, steady light is needed. Never sit in front of a window facing it to read. Always have the light come from the rear and over theleft shoulder preferal?ty?.?h? book

Di it' ed b 

should be held on a level vnth the face ali'ff n?t'? ?Y?Jse.Health and .Endurance 229 erect. Reading when lying down or from [he light of a fire- place is unwise. Care of the Ears Affections of the ears are exceedingly serious and may lead to ?rave results. Any trouble with them should be ?iven very prompt attention and a good specialist consulted. Pain in the ear, or rin?ing or hissing sounds, and particularly any discharge from the ear, should not be neglected. Any si?n o]? deaness must be heeded. Sometimes deafness occurs in refer- ence to some particular sounds while hearing is normal to others. Ho matter wh?t the degree of deafness may be do not neglect to see a physician about it. Ordinarily the tick of a watch can be heardat a distance of thirty inches. If you cannot hear it at that distance and can hear it say at fifteen inches then you are just one ? from the normal in your hearing. The test should be made with one ear dosed. Ear troubles are often caused by sticking foreign objects in 'the ear, such as hair pins, pins, matches, toothpicks and lead pendis. Never pick the ear with anything. Often the ear drum is pierced in this way. The normal ear does not require anything more than the usaal deansing with the wash rag over the end of the finger. If wax to any extent accumulates in the ear it should be removed by syringing, but ought to be done by a physidan. In camp an inset might crawl into the ear and if alive cause pain. Putting oil or other fluids in the ear to drown it is unwise. If a foreign body should get in the ear it should not cause great alar?n unle? attended with severe pain. If a physician is not available at once such objects may re- main for a day or two without serious results. Syringing ' usually removes them, but it should be remembered that some objects like peas or beaus swell if made wet. In swimming water is apt to get into the ear and cause annoyance. A rub- ber ear stop can be securei and placed in the ear at the time of swimming? thus keeping the water out. Cotton should not be stuffed into the ear to keep water out, as it may get inside. One thing to keep in mind is that catarrh of the nose and throat often extends into the ear passages through a tube which reaches from the throat to the ear and that syringing of the nose and throat frequently causes trouble in the ear. Care o! Nos? and Throat Always breathe through the nose. Air passing nose is warmed and moistened and cleanse?l?t?h?t?-tlz'?t?'?to

z3o Boy Scouts

the lungs in a better condition. If you cannot breathe dearly through the nose, have it examined. There may be a growth present which needs to be removed. To become a good runner this is important. Adenoids, which are growths far back in the mouth, often interfere with nose breathing and are ser/ons in other ways. Don't stick anything in the nose; and nose picking is not cleanly. If crusts form in the nose, use a litfie vaseline to soften them. Don't blow the nose too vigorously. It may cause trouble. Frequent sore throat may be due to enlarged tonsils which either need treatment or removal. To one who has frequent colds in the head, the out-of-door life and morning sponge bath and moderate eating will be of help. Care of the Feet This is an important matter with scouts, as they will make frequent hikes and tramps. The first thing to do is to walk right. The straight foot is the normal foot. The normal foot is broad at the ball with space between the toes. How different from the a?'ful feet we see with toes twisted upon each other and crowded together. Walk with feet pointing straight for- ward. The feet that turn ohtward are weak feet. Shoes there- fore should be straight on the inner border, broad across the ball, and have a low, broad heel. The shoe adopted by the scout movement is a good design.. When a foot is normal, the inner border does not touch the floor. By wetting the foot one can see readily whether he is fiat?footed by the imprint made. The following exercises are good to strengthen the arches of the foot if there is a tend- ency to fiat feet: (x) Turn toes in, raise the heels, and come down slowly on the outer borders of the feet; (2) Walk with heals raised and toes pointing inward, or walk on the outer borders of the foot, inner borders turned up. Shoes should fit the feet comfortably. Tight shoes, or shoes that fit loosely, will cause callouses or corns. The way to get rid of these is to remove the cause -- namely, the badly-fitting shoes. Soft corns are due to pressure between the toes. The toes in such cases should be kept apart with cotton. Pointed shoes should be avoided. Patent-leather shoes are non-porous and hot. Ingrown We nails are exceedingly painful. The pain comes from the nail piercing the soft parts. Allowing the nail to grow long and beyond the point of the tender ?)?l?help; Digitized by-.Health and Endurance and on the side of the nail ?nd under it cotton should be inserted to protect the soft parts. Hot foot bath i will generally relieve tired feet. Boys should be very careful ?n trimming corns for fear of blood poisoning. Never buy plate? at a store for fiat feet. They may not be adapted to your ?needs. Always consult a foot specialist for treatment and b?D' plates if needed on his order. Only severe cases need plates.' Many boys are troubled with perspiring feet and are fre- quenfiy annoyed by the odor resulting. Those who are thus troubled should wash the feet often and carefully, especially, between the toes. By dusting the feet with boric acid the odor will disappear. At first it may be necessary to change the stockings daily. In severe cases two pairs of shoes should be used, changing alternately. Care of the Finger NaiLs The chid thing in the care of the finger na?ls is to keep them dean. Each boy should possess and use a nail brush. Always wash the h0axds thoroughly before eating, and use the end of a na?l file to remove the accumulation still remaining under the nails. Keep the nails properly trimmed. They should not be too long nor too short. If long they are liable to break and if short to be sensitive. Biting the nails is filthy practice and mutilates the fingers dreadfully and makes them unsighfiy. It is a very hard habit to overcome ofttimes and will require persistent effort in order to succeed. By keep- ing the nails smooth the tendency to bite them will to some extent be overcome. A bitter application to the nails will often remind one of the habit, as often the biting is done uncon- sciously. The nails should never be pared witIx a knife; a curved pair of scissors is better as the cutting should be done in a curved directioni .but the best method is to use a file? The skin overhanging the nails should be pressed hack once a week to keep them shapely. Rubbing the na?ls with a nail buffer or cloth will keep them polished. Sleep One thing a growing bo y wants to be long on is sleep, and yet he is most apt to bc careless about it. It is during sleep that a boy grows most and catches up. During his waking hours he tears down and burns up more tissue ihan he builds. Good, sound and sufficient sleep is essential23z Boy Scouts ,,' and endurance. A boy scout should have at l?t nine or ten hours sleep out of every twenty-four. If you ?ose out on this amount on one day, make it up the next. Whe]?ever unusually tired, or when you feel out of trim, stay in ?ed a few hours more if it is possible. A boy should wake up e?ch morning feel- ing like a fighting cock. When he doesn't h? ought to' get to bed earlier that night. Sleep is a wonderf? restorative and tonic. It helps to store up energy and conserve strength. Sleeping Out of Doors The conditions under which one sleeps are as .reportant as the length of time one sleeps. Many people are finding it wondedully helpful and invigorating to sleep out of doors. Often a back porch can be arranged, or, in summer, a tent can be pitched in the yard. But, by' all means, the sleeping room should be well ventilated. Windo ws should be thrown wide open. Avoid drafts. If the bed is in such relation to the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it, a screen can be used to divert it or a sheet hung up as protection. Good, fresh, cool air is a splendid tonic. In winter open windows are a splendid preparation for camping out in summer. Conservation In this chapter much has been said of. the active measures which a boy should take in order to become strong and well. We should be equally concerned in saving and storing up natural forces we already have. In the body of every boy, who has reached his teens, the Creator of the universe has sown a very important fluid. This fluid is the most wondedul material in all the physical world. Some parts of it find their way into the blood, and through the blood give tone to the muscles, power to the brain, and strength to the nerves. This fluid is the sex fluid. When this fluid appears in a boy's body, it works a wonderful change in him. His chest deepens, his shoulders broaden, his voice changes, his ideals are changed and enlarged. It gives him the capadty for deep feeling, for rich emotion. Pity the boy, therefore, who has wrong ideas of this important function, because they will lower his ideals of life. These organs actually secrete into the blood material that makes a boy manly, strong, and noble. Any habit which a boy has that causes this fluid' to be discharged from the body tends to weaken his strength, to make him less able to resist disea?se, and? often unfortunately fastens upon him habits ?hlt?tbt?t?i?1t? heHealth and Endurance 233 cannot break. Even several years before this fluid appears in the body such habits are harmful to a growing boy. To become strong, therefore, one must be pure in thought and clean in habit. This power which I have spoken of must be conserved, because this sex function is so deep and strong that there will come times when temptation to wrong habits will be very powerful. But remember that to yield means to sacrifice strength and power and manliness. For boys who desire to know more of this subject we would suggest a splendid book by Dr. Winfield S. Hall, entitled, "From Youth into Manhood." Every boy in his teens who wants to know the secret of strength, power, and endurance should read this book. NotesHealth and Endurance :?35 Notes?36 Boy Scouts Notes{HAPTER 1 CHIVALRy By $okn L. Alexa?r, Boy Scouts of Ar?riza Ancient Knighthood A Httle over fifteen hundred years ago the great order of knighthood and chivalry was founded. The reason for this was the feeling on the part of the best men of that day that it was the duty of the stronger to help the weak. These were the days when might was right, and the man with the strongest arm did as he pleased, often oppressing the poor and riding rough shod without any regard over the feelings and affections of others. In revolt against thi% there sprang up all over Europe a noble and useful order of men who called themselves knights. Among these great-hearted men were Arthur, Gareth, Lancelot, Bedivere, and Alfred the Great. The desire of these men was "To live pure, speak true, right wrong, follow the king." Of course in these days there also lived men who called themselves kn/ghts, but who had none of the desire for service that inspired Arthur and the others. These false knights, who cared for no one but themselves and their own pleasure, often brought great sor- row to the common people. Chivalry then was a revolt aga/nst their brutal acts and ignorance and a protest against the con- tinuation of the idea that m/ght was right. Nowhere in all the stories that have come Ancient I?night down to us have the acts of chivalry been so well told as in the tales of the Round Table. Here it was that King Arthur gathered about him men like Sir Bors, Sir Gawaine, Sir Pe]lias, Sir Geraint, Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, and Sir?Gal?had. These men mo?ed by the desire of giving the?b? il 38 Boy Scouts cleated the forests of wild animals, suppressed the robber barons, punished the outlaws, bullies, and thieves of their day, and enforced wherever they went a proper respect for women. It was for ttds great service that they trained themselves, passing through the degrees of page, esquire, and knight with all the hard work that each of these meant in order that they might the better do their duty to their God and country. Struggle for Freedom Of course this struggle of right against wrong was not con- fined to the days in which chivalry was born. The founding of the order of knighthood was merely the

beginning of the age-long struggle to 

make right the ruling thought of life. Long after knighthood had passed away, the struggle continued. In the birth of ? . the modern nations, England, Germany, France, and others, there was the dis- tinct feeling on the part of the best men ! of these hations that might should and

must give way to right, and that ty- 

ranny must yield to the spirit of free- ii dom. The great struggle of the English barons under King John and the wrest- ing from the king of the Magna Charta, which became the basis of English lib- erty, was merely another development of the idea for which chivalry stood. The protest of the French Revolution, and the terrible doings of the common people in these days, although wicked P?grim father and brutal in method, were symptoms Of the same revolt against oppression. The Pilgrim Fathers When the Pilgrim Fathers founded the American colonies, the work of Arthur and Alfred and the other great men of ancient days was reinewed and extended and fitted to the new conditions and times. With the English settlements of Raleigh and Captain John Smith we might almost say that a new race of men was born and a new kind of knight was developed. All over America an idea made itself felt that in the e?es of ghe law every man should be considered just as gooc?as?O .t'.?i?na?f, and that every man ought to have a fair and square chs?ce atall the good things that were to be had in a land of plenty. It was this spirit that compelled the colonists to seek their independence and that found its way into our Declaration of Independence as follows:

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

The fight of the colonists was the old-time fight of the knights against the oppression and injustice and the might that dared to call itself right.

American Pioneers

No set of men, however, showed this spirit of chivalry more than our pioneers beyond the Alleghanies. In their work and service they paralleled very closely the knights of the Round Table, but whereas Arthur's knights were dressed in suits of armor, the American pioneers were dressed in buckskin. Theydid, however, the very same things which ancient chivalry had done, clearing the forests of wild animals, suppressing the outlaws and bullies and thieves of their day and enforcing a proper respect for women. Like the old knights they often were compelled to do their work amid scenes of great bloodshed, although they loved to live in peace. These American knights and pioneers were generally termed backwoodsmen and scouts, and were men of distinguished appearance, of athletic build, of high moral character and frequently of firm religious convictions. Such men as “Apple-seed Johnny,” Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton and John James Audubon, are the types of men these pioneers were. They were noted for their staunch qualities of character. They hated dishonesty and were truthful and brave. They were polite to women and old people, ever ready to rescue a companion when in danger, and equally ready to risk their lives for a stranger. They were very hospitable, dividing their last crust with one another, or with the stranger whom they happened to meet. They were ever ready to do an act of kindness. 4 Boy Scouts They were exceedingly simple in their dress and hahira They fought the Indians, not because they wished to, but because it was necessary to protect their wives and children from the raids of the savages. They knew all the things that. scouts ought to know. They were acquainted with the woods and the fields? knew where the best fish were robe caught; under- stood the trees, the signs and blazes, the haunts of an;rnals and how to track them; how to find their way b?v the starS; how to m?ke themselves comfortable in the heart of the primeval forest; and such other things as are classed under the general term of woodcraft. And, with all this, they inherited the splendid ideas of chivalry that had been developed in the thousand yearS preceding them, and fitted these ideas to the conditions of their own day, standing solidly against evil and falsehood whenever they lifted their head among them. They were not perfect, but they did their best to be of service to those who came within their reach and worked conscientiously for their country. Modern Knighthood A hundred yearS have passed since then, and the conditions of life which existed west of the Alleghanies are no more. Just as the life of the pioneers was different from that of the knights of the Round Table, and as they each prac- tised chivalry in keeping with their own. sur- roundings, so the life of to-day is different from both, but the need of chivalry is. very .much the same Might still tries to make right, and while there are now no robber barons or outlaws with swords and spears, their spirit is not unknown in business and commercial life. Vice and dishonesty lift their heads just as strongly to-day as in the past and there is just as much need of. respect for women and girls as there ever was. So to-day there is a demand for a modern type of chivalry. It is for this reason that the Boy Scouts of Amer- ica have come into being; for there is need of service in these days, and that is represented by the good turn done to somebody every day. Doing the good turn daily will help to form the habit of useful service. A boy scout, then, while living in m&iern?imas. must Modern knight consider himself the h?e? 4 z Boy Scouts and breadth of mind. At the period when storms threatened to engulf our Ship of State, he became President of oar count_. Although Lincoln was an untried pilot, he stood by the helm like a veteran master. A man of earnest and intense con- viciion, he strove to maintain the glory of our flag and to keep the Union un- broken. Hundreds of stories are told of his great heaxt and al- most boundless sym- pathy for others. The generals of the ' Civil War were deeply attached. to him, and the rank and file of the sold- iers who fought under these generals loved and revered him. He was famillarly known as "Honest Abe." He could always be relied upon to give help and encourage- ment. His smile Using every opportunity cheered the defenders of the Union, and 'his wise counsel gave heart to the men who were helping him to shape the destinies of the nation. At the close of the war which saw the Union more firmly established than ever, he fell by the hand of the assassin, mourned deeply both by his own country and by the world at large. The further we get from the scene of his life and work the more firmly are we, his countrymen, convinced of his sincerity, strength, wisdom, and bigness of heart. The two men who stand out prominently in history among great Americar,s are Washington and Lincoln, the former as the founder of the Union and the latter as the man who gave it unbreakable continuity and preserved it, as we hope and believe, for all time. Lincoln's life and career should be the study and inspiration of every boy scout. He became faroilar with all of the things for which the Boy Scouts of America stand. He was a lover of the wild things in the woods, and loved and ? the'life of the out-of-doors. He had a high sens?t?byhOt?J?t?l was 'intensely chivalrous, as the many hundred stories told aboutChivalry 243 him testify. He did many times more than one good turn a day; he sincerely loved his country; he lived, fought, and worked for it; and finally he sealed his loyalty by giving his life. The path that he travelled from the log cabin to the White House clearly shows that an American boy who has well defined ideas of truth and right, and then dares to stand by them, can become great in the councils of the nation. The life, the;n, of Abrahsm Lincoln should be a steady inspiration to every boy who wishes to call hlm.self a scout. Challenge of the Present Thus we see that chivalry is not a virtue that had its beginning long ago and merely lived a short time, becoming a mere story. Chivalry began in the far-distant past out of the d _?i?.?o_- .help others, and the knights of th?-i?'Ia-e? days did this as best they could. Later the new race of men in America took up the burden of chivalry, and did. the best they could. Now the privilege and responsi- bility comes to the boys of to- day, and the voices of the knight of the olden time and of the hardy pioneers of our own country are urging the boys of to-day to do the right thing, in a gentle- manly way, for the sake of those about them. All of those men, whether knights or pioneers, had an unwritten code, somewhat like our scout law, and their motto r'? was very much. like the motto Politeness of the boy scouts, "Be Prepareal." Oood Manners The same thing that entered into 'the training of these men, 'knights, pioneers, and Lincoln, then, must enter into the training of the boy scouts of to-day. Just as they respected women and served them, so the tenderfoot and the scout must be polite and kind to women, not merely to well- ,d?li?Igtqlb[e but to poorly dressed women; not merely to young we -'?"--- -m?n; 151i?- to old women: to women wherever they may be found-?z44 Boy Scouts wherever they may be. To these a scout must always be courteous and helpful. ..

. When a scout is walking witha lady or a chil d, he should 

always walk on the outside of the sidewalk, so that he can better protect them aga/nst the. jostling crowds. This .rule is only altered when crossing the street, when the scout should get between the lady and the' traffic, so as to shield her from accident .or mud. Also in meeting a woman or child, a scout, as a matter of course, should always make way for them even if he himself has to step off the sidewalk into the mud. When riding in a street Car or train a scout should nev er allow a woman, an elderly person, or a child to stand, but will offer his seat; and when he does it he should do it cheerfully and with a smile. When on the street, be contimmlly on a quest, on the lookout to help others, and always refuse any reward for the effort. This kind of c9urtesy and good manners is essential to success. It was th/s unselfish desire to protect and help that made these men of olden t/me such splendid fellows. Good manners attract and please, and should be cultivated by every boy who expects to win success and make his life interesting to others. In the home, on the street, in the school, in the workshop or the office, or wherever one may be, his relationship to others. should be characterized as gentle, cour- teoU s, polite, considerate and thoughtful. These are virtues and graces that make life easier and plea?anter for all. Cheerfulness As has been said, whatever a scout does should be done with cheerfulness, and the duty of always being cheerful cannot be emphasized too much. Why don't you laugh, and make us aH laugh too, And keep us mortals all from getting blue? A laugh will always win. If you can't laugh m just grin. Go onl Let's all join inl Why don't you laugh? Benjamin Franklin said: "Money .never yet made a man happy, and there is nothing iu its nature to produce happiness. One's personal enjoyment is' a very small thing, but one's peri sonal usefulness is a veryimportant thing.",?Thos? only are j happy who have thdr minds fixed upou?'some?o?lSther and]

higher than their own happiness. .Doctor Raffles once.Chivalry 245 

"I have mad?/t a rule never to be with a person ten minutes without trying to make him happier." A boy once said to his mother, "I couldn't make Httle sister happy, nohow I could fix it, but I made myself happy trying to make her happy." There was once a king who had a tall, handsome son whom he loved with his whole heart, so he gave him everything that his heart desired -- a pony to ride/beautiful rooms to live in, picture books, stories, and everything that money could buy. And yet, in spite of this, the young prince was unhsppy and wore a wry face and a frown wherever he went, and was always wishing for something he did not have. By and by, a magidan came to the court, and seeing a frown on the prince's face, said to the king, "I can make your .boy happy and turn his frown into a smile, but you must pay me a very large price for the secret." "All right," said the king, "whatever you ask, I will do." So the magi- cian took the boy into a pri- vate room, and with white liquid wrote something on a ?' piece of paper; then he gave the boy a candle and told him to warm the paper and read what was written. The prince did as he was told. The white letters turned into letters of blue, and he read these words; "Do a kindness to some one every day." So the prince followed the magid?_n_'s a&?ce and became the happiest boy Chee? u? in all the king's realm. To be a good scout one must remain cheerful under every ciro?_m?tance, bearing both fortune and mis{ortune with a smile. Character If a scout is cheerful, follows the advice of the magidan to the king's son, and does a good turn to some one every day, he will come into possession of a strong character such as the knightz of the Round Table had; for, after all, character is the thing that distinguishes a good scout from a b?l ona Character is not what men say about you. ?i?t?a?t?[246 Boy Scouts once said, "! c?n't he?r wh?t you say for wl?t you ?nother one said, "Your ilfe speaks louder thnn your words." It was not the wools of the knights of old that told wh?t they were. It was their strong life ?nd fine character that gave power to their words and the thrust to their spears. It is necessary that a boy should Hve right ?nd possess such a character as will help h}m to do the hardest things of life. Every boy should remember that he is in reality just what he is when alone in the dark. The great quests of the knights were most often done singly ?nd alone. Will Another thing that entered into the make-up of a i?nlght was an iron will. He ha?l staying powers because he willed to stick; and the way he trained his will to do th? hard things was to keep himself doing the smag things. Not long ago, there was a lad whom the boys nicknamed "Blockey" a?d "Wooden M?n." When they played ball in the school play ground, Blockey never caught the ball. When they worked together in the gymnasium, Blockey was always left out of the game because he couldn't do things, and was slow and unwieldy in his motions. But one day, a great cha?ge came over Blockey and he began to train his will. He worked hard in the gym- nasium: he learned to catch the ball, and, by sticking to it, was not only able to catch the ball but became proficient. Then there came a time when the first one chosen Upon the team was Blockey; and it ag came about because he had trained his will so that when he .made up his mind to do a thing, ? did it. Thrift Another thing which entered into the trzining of a knight was his readiness to seize his opportunities. The motto of the scout is "Be Prepared." He should be prepared for what- .ever opportunity presents itseff. An interesting story is told by Orison Swett Marden.. He says that a l?d, who later became one of the millionaires of one of our great West ern cities, beg?n his earning career by t?l?ing advantage of an opportunity that came to him as he was passing ?n auction shop. He saw several boxes of a kind of soap which his mother was zccustomed to buy from the fam?!y grocer. Hastening to the grocery store he asked the price of the soap. "Twelve cents a pound" was the reply. On being pressed for a lower figure the shopkeeper remarked in a?hantering tone that he would buy all that the boy coul&?b?hlg?-t'b)l?l?l/tore atChivalry 247 nine cents a pound. The boy hurried back to the auction and bought the soap at six cents a pound. It was in this way that he made his first money in trade and laid the foundation of his fortune. The knight never waited for opportunity to come to him. He went out looking for it, and wore his armor in order that he might be ready for it when it came. There is a story of a Greek god who had ouly one lock of hair upon his forehead. The remainder of his head was .?hlnlng bald. In order to get this andent god's attention, it was necessary to grip him by his fore- lock, for when he had passed, nothing could check his speed. So it is with opportunity, and the hour of opportunity. A good scout is ready for both and always grips "time by the forelock." Individuality If the foregoing quailties enter into a scout's training, an individuality will be developed in h/m, which will make itself known and felt. Every scout should read over the following list of scout vir- tues, and should strive at all times to keep them before him in his training, thus making them a part of his life: Unselfishness: The art of thinking of others first and one's self afterward. Self Sacrifice: The giving up of one's comfort, desires, and pleasures for the benefit of some one else. Kindness: The habit of thinking well of others and doing good to them. Friendliness: The disposition to make every one you meet feel at ease, and to be of service to him if possible. Honesty: The desire to give to every one a square deal and the same fdr chance that you yourself wish to enjoy. It means also respect for the property and rights of others, the ?bility to face the truth, and to call your own faults by their right name. Fair Play: Scorning to take unfair advantage of a rival and readiness even to give up an advantage to him. Loyalty: The. quality of remaining true and faithful not only to your principles but also to your parents and friends. Obedience: Compliance with the wishes of parents or those in places Of authority. Disdpline: That self-restraint and self-control that keep a boy steady, and help him in team work. kee s a Endurance: A manly moderation which and strong and in good condition.248 Boy Scouts Self Improvement: The ambition to get on in life by all fair means. Humility: That fine quality wMch keeps a scout'from boasting, and which generally reveals a boy of courage and achievement. Honor: That great thing which is more sacred than anything else to scouts and gentlemen; the disdain of.telling or implying an untruth; absolute trustworthiness and faith- fulness. Duty to God: That greatest of all things, which keeps a boy faithful to his principles and true to Ms friends and comrades; Scout protecting child from nmd dog that gives h/m a belief in things that are high and noble, and which m?tl?es h/m prove Ms belief by doing his good turn to some one every day. This list of virtues a scout must have, and if there are any that stand out more prominently than the others, they are the following: Courage It is horrible to be a coward. It is weak to yield to fear and heroic to f?ce danger without flinching. The old Indian who had been mortally wounded faced death with i?grim ,smile on his lips and sang his own death.. son?t?z?h?'?}?[?i '? of theChivalry. z49 Roman legions laughed in the face of death, and died often with a "Hail, Imperator!" for the Roman C?s?r upon h/s lips. One of the stories connected with t?e battle of Agincourt tells us that four f?ir ladies had sent their knightly lovers into batfie. One of these was killed. Another was m?de prisoner. The third Was lost in the battle and never heard of afterward. The fourth was safe, but owed his safety to shameful flight. "Ahl ?oe is me," said the lady of this base knight, "for having placed my affections on a coward.. He would have been'dear to me dead. But .alive he is my reproach." A scout 'must be as courageous as any knight of old or any Roma n soldier or any dying Indian. Loyalty Loyalty is another scout virtue which must stand out prom- inently, because it is that which ma?es him true to his home, his parents, and his country. Charles VIII, at the Battle of Foronovo, picked out nine of his bravest officers and gave to each of them a complete suit of armor, which was a counter- part of h/s own. By th/s device he outwitted a group of his enemies who had leagued themselves to kill him during the fight. They sought him through all the ranks, and every time they met one of these officers they thought they had come face to face with the king. The fact that these officers hailed such a d?ngerous honor w/th delight and devotion is a striking illustration of their loyalty. 'The scout should be no less loyal to his parents, home, and country. Duty to Ood NO scout can ever hope to amount to much until he has learned a reverence for religion. The scout should lieve in God and God's word. in the olden days, knight-' hood, when it was bestowed, was a religious ceremony, and a knight not only considered himself a servant of the king, but also a servant of God. The entire night preceding the day upon 'which the young esquire was made knight was spent by him o? his knees in prayer, in a fast and vigil. There are many kinds of religion in the world. One impor- tant point, however, about them is that they all involve the wor- ship of the same God. There is but one leader, although many ways of following Him. If a scout meets one of anothor relia- ion, he should remember that he, too, is strivi?igt?Y?l/?.Boy Scouts A scout should respect the conv/ct/ons' of others in matters of custom a?d religion. A Boy Scout's Religion The Boy Scouts of America mainta/n that no boy can grow into the best kind of citizenship without recognizing his obli- gation to God. The first part of the boy' scout's oath or pledge is therefore: "I promise on my honor to do my best to honor my God ?ud my country." The recognition of God as the ruling and leading power in the universe, and the grate- ful acknowledgment of His favors and blessings is neces- saryW the best type of citizen- ship ?ud is a wholesome thing in the education of the grow- ing boy. No matter what the boy may be -- Catholic, or Protestant, or Jew'-- this fun- damental need of good citi- zenship should be kept before him, The Boy Scouts of America therefore recognize the religious elemeni in the tralni?g of a boy, but it is ab- solutely non-sectarian in its attitude toward that religious training. Its policy is that ? the organization or institution Scout helping old lady across street with which the boy scout is connected shall give definite attention to his religious life. If he be a Catholic boy scout, the Catholic Church of which he is a member is the best channel for his tr?inlng. If he be a Hebrew boy, then the Synagogue will train him in the faith of his fathers. If he be a Protestant, no matter to what denomination of Protestantism he may be- long, the church of wh/ch he is an adherent or a member should be the proper organization to give ]?im a?l education in the things that pertain to his a?le?ance to God. The Boy Scouts of America, then, while recognlz/ng the fact that the boy should be taught the things that pertain to religion, insists upon the boy's rel/gious life being sthnulated and fostered by the in- stitution with which he is connected? Of course, it is a fund- amental principle of the Boy Scouts of Ame?dca to,insist on Digitized by t?JO0(? [CChivalry zSX dean, capable leadership in its scout masters, and the influence of the leader on the boy scout should be of a distinctly helpful character. Work, Not Luck Life, after all, is just this: Some go through life trusting to luck. They are not worthy to be scouts. Others go through life trusting to hard work and clear thinking. These are they who have cleared the wilderness and planted wheat where forests once grew, who have driven back the savage, and have fostered civilization in the uncultivated places of the earth. The good scout is always at work -- working to improve him- sell and to improve the daily lot of others. The thing that is to be noticed in all of these men, those of the Round Table, and those of American pioneer days, is the fact that they were ever ready to do a good turn to some one. The knights of the Round Table did theirs by dash of arms, by the jousts and the tourney, and by the fierce hand:to-hand fights that were their delight in open battle. The old scouts, our own pioneers, very often had to use the rifle and the hatchet and the implements of war. However, those days have passed, and we are living in a non-military and peace-loving age; and the glory of it is that, whereas these men took their lives in their hands and by clint of rifle and sword did their part in helping

.others, our modern civilization gives the Boy Scouts of Amer- 

ica an opportunity to go out and do the/r good turn daily for others in the thousand ways that will benefit our American life the most. Sometimes they will have to risk their lives, but it will be in case of fire or accident or catastrophe. At other times they will be given the privilege of showing sim- ple deeds of chivalry by their courteous treatment of their elders, cripples, and children, by giving up their seats in street cars, or by carrying the bundles of those who are not as phys- ically strong as themselves. And in it all will come the satisfying feeling that they are doing just as much and perhaps a great deal more than the iron-dad men or the buckskin clothed scouts in making their country a little safer and a little better place to live in. Chivalry and courtesy and being a gentleman mean just as much now as they ever did, and there is a greater demand in these days to live pure, to speak true, and to help others by a good turn daily than ever before in the world's history. byGoog[eCHAPTER 11 FIRST AID AND LIFE $AVlNO M?.ior Ckarl?s y, sck, M?dit? Corps. U. $. A., A?g for ?i? Ar, wri?as R?d Cross PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS Qeneral Considerably over a million persons are seriously injured in the United States each year. The enormous loss of life and the great suffering involved certainly demand that every boy scout do what he can to improve conditions in this respect. Some accidents happen under all circumstances, but on the other hand a great many accidents are avoidable and probably quite one half of the injuries which occur in the United States yearly could be prevented if common care were exercised. Panics and Their Prevention In case of a panic, at an in-door assembly, scouts, if they live up to their motto, "Be Prepare. d," will be able to save hundreds of lives. There is usually plenty of time for people to get out of a building ff the exits are not blocked by too many crowding them at once. One should, if possible, try to arrange to have the performance go on, and the others could reassure the people and get them to go out quietly through the exits provided. Almost all scouts know how quickly and safely our school build- ings are deared by means of the fire drill. Fires Fires constitute a danger a's great as panics, and scouts should be equally well informed what to do in case of fire. It is the duty of a scout to know how to prevent fires. Many fires are caused by carelessness. Never throw aw?y a Lighted match, for it may fall on inflammable material and start a fire. Read. ing in bed by the light of a lamp or candle is dangerOus, for if the reader goes to sleep the bed clothing is likely?t?zgA?/{?[z$6 Boy Scouts A scout may often have to dry his clothes before a fire and if so, they should be carefully watched. Hot ashes in wooden boxes, or in barrels, are responsible for many fires. In camp, dry grass should be cut away from the locality of the camp fire; and not to put out a camp fire on leaving a camp is criminal. Many of the great fires in our forests have been due to careles? ness in this respect. Fires also result' frequently ff0m explo- sions of gas or gunpowder. A room in which the odor of gas ls apparent should never be entered with a light, and in handling gunpowder a scout should have no matches loose in his pockets. How To Put Out Burning Clothing If your own clothing should catch fire do not run for help as this will fan the flames. Lie down and roll up as tightly ?e possible in an overcoat, blanket, or rug. If nothing can obtained in which to wrap up, lie down and roll over slowly at the same t/me beating out the fire with the hands. If another person's c!otlgng catches fire, throw him to the ground and smother the fire with a coat, blanket, or rug. What to Do in Case o! Fire A 'fire can usually be put out very easily when it starts, and here is an occasion when a scout can show his presence of mind and coolness. At first a few buckets of water or blankets or woolien clothing thrown upon a fire will smother it. Sand, ashes, or dirt, or even flour, will have the same effect. If a scout discovers a building to be on fire, he s/w?/d sound the alarm for the 5re department at once. If possible he should send some one else, as the scout will probably know better what to do before the fire-engine arrives. All doors should be kept dosed so as to prevent draughts. If you enter the burning building, close the window or door after you, if possible, and leave some responsible person to guard it so it will not be opened and cause a draught. In searching for people, go to the top floor and walk down, examining each room as carefully as possible. If necessary to get air while making the search, dose the door of the room, open a window, and stick the head out until a few breaths can be obtained. A/terward dose the window to prevent a draught. If doors are found locked and you suspect people are asleep inside, knock and pound on doors to amuse them. If this produces no results, you will have to try to break down the door. While searching thrmmKla, burning building it will be best to tie a w?ig?a?]?e? or dothz$8 Boy Scouts throws the water on the fire. The buckets are returned by the other llne. Drowning Drowning accidents are very common.. Every scout should know how to swim and to swim well, but this is not all that is necessary. He should also know how to prevent accidents that may result in drowning. In sununer, boating and bathing accidents are coromon. Remember ? light boat is not intended for heavy seas; do not change seats e?.cept in a wide and steady boat; and above all things do not put yourself in the class of ..idi0ts who rock a boat. At the sea-shore, unless you are a strong swimmer? do not go outside the life line, and ff the undertow is strong be caxeful . not to walk out where the water is so deep it will carry you off your feet. Very cold water and very long swims are likely to exhaust even a strong swimmer and are therefore hazatdm? unless a boat accompanies the swimmer. Rescue o? the I)Fownifig (See pages z?9 to 285) ice Resctm To rescue a person who has broken through the ic?. you should first tie a rope around your body and have the other end tied, or held, on shore. Then secure a long board or a ladder or limb of a tree, crawl out on this, or push it out, so that the person in the water n?y reach it. H nothing can be found oa which you can support your weight do not attempt to walk out toward the person to be rescued, but lie down fiat on your face and c. rawl out, as by doing this much less weight bears at any one point on the ice than in walking. H you yourself break through the ice remember that if you try to crawl up on the broken edge it will very likely break again with you. H res- cuers are near, it would be much better to support yourself on the edge of the ice and wait for them to come to you. Restoring the Drowning and Artificial Respiration (See pages 286 to 288) Electric Accidents For his own benefit and that of his comrades, the scout should know how to avoid accidents from electddty. The third rail is always dangerous?t?z?y(?oc? touchFirst Aid and Life Saving 259 it. Swinging wires of any kind may somewhere in their course be in contsar with live wires, so they should not be touched. A p?rson in contart with a wi? or raft can, ying an electric current will trans/er the current to the rescuer. Therefore he must not touch the unfortunate victim uuless h/s own body is thoroughly insulated. The rescuer must act very promptly, for the danger to the person in contact is much incr?xl the Iongee the electric current is allowed to pass through h/s body. If po?ible, the rescuer should insulate hlm.?el/by covering his hands with a mackintosh, rubher sheeting, several thic-lmesses q/silk, or even dry doth. In addition he should, if poss/ble, complete his insulation by standing on a dry board, a thick piece ot paper, or even on a dry coat. Rubber gloves and rubber shoes or boots are still safer, but they cannot usually be pro- cured qu/ckly. If a live wi? is under a pe?o? and the ground is dry, it will be perfectly safe to stand on the ground and pull him off the wire with the bare hands, care being taken to touch only his clothing, and this must not be wet. A live wire lying on a patient may be flipped off with safety with a dry board or stick. In removing the ]/ve w/re from the person? or the person from the wire, do this,with one motion, as r?_klng him to and fro on the wire will increase shock and burn. A live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with dry, wooden handle. The electric current may he short circuited by dropping a crow-bar or poker on the wire. These must he dropped on the side from which the current is coming and not on the farther side, as the latter will not short circuit the current be/ore it is passed through the body o/the person in contact. Drop the metal bar; do not place it on the wire or you will then be made a part of the short circuit and recdve the current of electridty through your body. What To Do for Electric Shocks Always send for a doctor, but do not wait for him. Trea?- merit should be given even if the man appears to be dead. Loosen the clothing around neck and body. Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration a? in drowning. (See pages 256, 287.) Gas Accidents The commonest gas encountered is the ordinary gas. To prevent such gas from escaping inz6o Boy Scouts titles, leaks in gas pipes should be promptly repaired. Be cate- ful in turning off gas to make sure that gas is actually shut off. It is dangerous to leave a gas jet burning faintly when you go to sleep, as it may go out if pressure in the gas pipe becomes less, and ff pressure is afterward increased g?s may escape into the room. Coal g?s will escape through red-hot cast-iron, and very big fires in such stoves are dangerous, especially in sleeping rooms. ? burned in open vessels in tight rooms is esp? '?ny da%,erous. In underground sewers and wells other ,ta-ngerou? gases are found. If a lighted candle or torch will not bum in such a place, it is very certain the air will be deadly for any person who enters. To rescue an unconscious person in a place filled with ga? move quickly and carry him out without breathing yourself. Take a few deep breaths before entering and ff posm?e hold breath while in the place. Frequently less gas will be found near the floor of a building, so one may be able to crawl where it w?d be dangerous to walk. What To Do for (la? Poisoning Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning. (See pages 286, 287. ) Runaway Horses The method for checking a horse ?mning aw?y is not to run out and wave your arm in front of hlm, as this will only eause him to dodge to one side and to run faster, but to try to run alongside the vehicle with one hand on the shaft to prevent yourseft from falling, ?izlng the reins with the other hand and dragging the horse's head toward you. If when he has somewhat slowed down by this method, you can turn him toward a wall or a house he will probably stop. Mad Dog The first thing to do is to kill the mad dog at once. Wrap a handkerchief around the hand to prevent the dog's teeth from entering the flesh and grasp a club of some kind. If yol can stop the dog with a stick you should hit him hard over the head with it, or kick him under the jaw. A handkerchief held in front of you in your outstretched hands will generally cause the dog to stop to paw it before he attempts to bite you. This ? give you an opportunity to kick hlm under the low?g jaw. ?,?,?,? ?,GoogleFirst Aid and Life Saving z6x Another way suggested is to wrap a coat around the left arm and let the dog bite it; then with the other hand seize the dog's throat and choke him. FIRST AID FOR INJURIES General Directions Keep cool. There is no cause for excitement or hurry. In not one case in a thousand are the few moments necessary to find out what is the matter with an injured man going to result in any harm to him, and of course in )rder to treat h/m intelligently you must first know what/s the matter. Common- sense will tell the scout that he must waste no time, however, when there is severe bleedh!g, or in case of poisoning. If possible, always send for a doctor, unless the injury is a trivial one. Don't wait until he arrives, however, to do some- thing for the injured person. A crowd should always be kept back and tight clothing should be loosened. If the patient's face is pale, place him on his back with his head low. If his face is flushed, fold your coat and put it under his head so as to raise it slightly. In case of vomiting, place the patient on his side. Do not give an unconscious person a stimulant, as he cannot ?w-,dlow, and it will run down his windpipe and choke him_ If the injury is covered by clothing, remove it by cutting or tearing, but never remove more clothing than as one of the results of injury is for a person to feel cold. Shoes and boots should be cut in severe injuries about the feet. Shock For example, a scout is tiering on a trolley-car. The car runs into a loaded wagon. The wagon is overturned and the driver thrown to the pavement. Part of the load falls upon his body and when you reach him he is unconscious. So far ?s you can find out, nothing else is the matter with him. This is called shock. It accompanies all serious injuries and is itseft serious, as a person may die without ever recovering from shock. Of course, there are different degrees of shock. In severe shock the per- son is completely unconsdous or he may be only slightly con- fused and feel weak and uncertain of what has happened. In shock always send for a doctor when you can. Before he comes, warm and stimulate the patient in every poss?%le way. Plsce him on his back with his head low andz6z Boy Scouts your coat or blanket. Rub his arms a?d legs toward his body but do not uncover him to do this. If you have am?oah or smelling salts, place them before the l?tieat's nose so he may breathe them. This is all you can do when unconsdousness is complete. i When the patient begins to recover a little, however, and as 'soon ?s he can swallow, give him hot tea or coffee, or a half teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a quarter glass of water. i Warning: Remember always that a person with shock may have some other serious injuries. These you should always look for and treat if necessary. Injuries in Which the Skin is Not Broken--Fractures A fracture is the same thing as a broken bone. When the bone p/erces or breaks through the r&in, /t is called ? compound fracture, and when it does ?u?t, a simple fracture. A scout is in the country w/th a camrade. The latter mounts a stone wall to cross it. The wall falls with h/m and he calls out for help. When the other scout reaches lfira, he finds the injured scout lying fiat on the ground with both legs .stretched out. One of these does not look qu/te natural, and the scout Splints for broken ?tgh complains of a great deal o pain at the m/ddle oi the ,thi? and thinks be felt something break when he fell. He cannot raise the injured, leg. C?rdully rip the trousers and the underclothi? at the seam to above the .pa!Mul poinL When you have done t.h[? the deformity will indicate the ]?ca?ion of the fracture. You must be very gentle now or you will do harm, but/f one hami is out above? .??mk theFirst Aid and Life Saving z63 break occurred and the other below it and it /s lifted gently you will find that there is movement at the broken point. Send for a doctor first, if you can, and, ff you expect him to arrive very soon, let your comrade lie where he is, putting h/s injured leg in the same position as the sound one and holding it there by coats or other articles p/led around the leg. But if the doctor cannot be expected for some time, draw the in- jured limb into position like the sound one and hold it there by splints. Splints can be made of anything that is stiff and rigid. Something fiat like a board is better than a pole or staff; limbs broken off a tree will do ff nothing else can be found. Shingles make excellent splints. In applying spl/nts remember that they should extend beyond the next joint above and the next joint below; otherwise, movements of the joint wx7fi cause movement at the broken point. With a fracture of the thigh, such as that described, the outer splint should be a very long one, extending below the feet from the arm pit. A short one extending just below the knee will do for the inner Splints for broken leg splint. Splints may be tied on with handkerchiefs, pieces of cloth. torn from the clothing, or the like. Tie firmly but not tight enough to cause severe pain. In a fracture of the thigh it will also be well to bind the injured leg to the sound one by two or three pieces of doth around both. The clothing put back in place will serve as padding under the sp?int, but with thin summer clothing .it is better to use straw, hay, or leaves in addition. Fractures'of the lower leg and of the upper and lower arm are treated in the same way ?4th a splint on the inner and outer sides of. the broken bone. A sling will be required for a fracture of the arm. This m?y be made of the triaagular bandage, or of a ? piece of.dotl?, tornFirst Aid and Life Saving 265 The sprained joint should be put in an elevated position and cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water should be wrapped around it and changed very frequently. Movement of any sprained joint is likely to increase the injury, so this ought not to be permitted. Walking with a sprained ankle is not only exceedingly painfid but it generally increases the hurt. Dislocation A dislocation is an injury where the head of a bone has slip.r?t out of it? socket at a joint. A scout is playing foot-ball. He suddenly feels as though his shoulder has been twisted out o/ place. Comparison with the other side will show that the injured shoulder does not look like the other one, being longer, or shorter, and contrary to the case with fracture there will not be increased movement at the point of injury but a lessened movement. Do not at- tempt to get a dislocated joint back in place. Cover the joint with cloths wrung out in very hot or very cold water, and get the patient into the hands of a doctor as soon as possible. Injuries in Which the Skin is Broken Such in?uries are called wounds. There is one Trianguhr sling for arm very important fact which must be remembered in connection with such injuries. Any injury in which the skin is unbroken is much less dangerous, as the skin prevents germs from reaching the injured part. The principle to be followed in treating a wound is to apply something to prevent germs from reaching the injury. ,GoogleFirst Aid and Life Saving ?67 wound with a towel not boiled or piece of cotton torn [rom your shirt, but you caanot do so without the liability of a great deal of harm to the injured person. Snake Bites While snake b/tea are wounds, the wounds caused by venomous snakes are not important as such but because the venom is quickly absorbed and by its action on the brain may c?use speedy death. The ratfiesnake and the moccasin are the most dangerous snakes in the United States. In order to prevent absorption o the poison, immediately t/e a string? handkerchief, or bandage above the bite. This c?n only be done in the extremities, but nearly all b/tea are received on the arms or legs. Then soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck it to extract the poison. Sucking a wound/s not dangerous unless one has cuts or scrapes in the tooruth. Then burn the wound with strong ammonia. This is ?ot aromatic spirits of ammonia, but what is commonly known as stwng ammonia in any drug store? Aromatic sp/rits of ammonia shonld also be giveu as a stimulant. .If you have nothing but a string to tie off the wound, be sure to do that and to get out as much poison as you can by squee?/ng or sucking the wound. A doctor should of course always be sent for when practicable in any injury as severe as a snake bite. Leave your string or bandage in place for an hour. A ?mger period is unsafe, as cutting off the drculation may czuse mortification. Loosen the string or bandage after an hour's time, so that a lltfie poison escapes into the body. If the bitten person does not seem to be much affected, repeat at the ?d of a few mornants, and keep this up until the band has been.e?firely removed. If, however, the bitten person seems to be sc, riously affected by the poison you have allowed to escape i?o his body, you must not loosen the bandage again, but leave it .in plzce and take the chance of mortification. Wounds Without Sev?r? Bi?e?!lng These ?ustitute ?he majority of all wounds. ' Use the Red Cross Outfit as described in the slip contained in the outfit. Tim :pressure of a bandage will stop ordinary bleeding if firmly i?nd into place. Wounds With Severe Bleeding A acout mt?t be prepared to check severe bleed/pg at o?ce, and he should then dress the wound. t?lin?fi? ?27o Boy Scouts Unconsciousness and Poisoning Unconsdousness, of course, means lack of consciousness, or; in other words, one who is unconscious knows nothing o? his surroundings or of what is happening. A person may, however, be partially, as well as wholly, unconsdous. Unconsciousness may be due to so many causes that, in order to give the best treatment, the scout should first know the cause. Always try to find this out if you can. H you can- not do this, however, you should at least determine whether unconsciousness is due to poison, to bleeding, to sunstroke, or to freezing; for each of these demand immediate, special treatment. If it is not due to one of these muses, and the patient is pale and weak, have him placed with his head low, and warm and stimulate him in every possible way. H the face is ied and the pulse is bounding and strong, that patient should have his head raised on a folded coat. No stimulants should be given him and cold water should be sprinkled on his face and chest. The common causes of unconsciousness are shock, electric shock, fainting, apoplexy and injury to the brain, sunstroke and heat exhaustion, freezing, suffocation, and poisoning. The first two have already been described and the treatment of any form of suffocation in artificial respiration. Fainting Fainting usually occurs in overheated, crowded places. The patient is very pale and partially or completely unconscious. The pupils of the eye are natural, the pulse is weak and r?pid. The patient should be placed in a lying-down position with the head lower than the rest of the body so that the brain will receive more blood. Loosen the clothing, especially about the neck. Keep the crowd back and open the windows if in-doors so that the patient may get plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle the face and chest with cold water. Apply smelling salts or ammonia to the nose, rub the limbs toward the body. A stimulant may be given when the patient is so far recovered that he is ? to swallow. Apoplexy and Injury to the Brain Apoplexy and unconsciousness from injury t.9o the.brain are due to the pressure of blood on the?,bra/?s?d?tctheyFirst Aid and Life Saving may be described together. Apoplexy is of course much harder to distinguish than injury to the brain as in the latter the scout can always see that the head has been hurt. With both, un- consciousness will usually be complete. Pupils are large and frequently unequal in size, breathing is snoring, and the pulse is usually full and slow. One side of the body will be paralyzed. Test this by raising arm or leg; if paralyzed, it will drop abso- lutely helpless. Send for a doctor at once. Keep patient quiet and in a dark room if possible. Put in lying-down position with head raised by pillows. Apply ice or cold cloths to head. No stimulants. Drunkenness is sometimes mistaken for apoplexy. If there is any doubt on this point .always treat for apoplexy. Sunstroke and Heat Exhaustion Any one is liable to suustmke or heat exhanstion if exposed to excessive heat. A scout should remember not to expose himself too much to the sun nor should he wear too heavy clot. hi?_g in the summer. Leaves in the hat will do much to prevent sunstroke. If the scout becomes dizzy and exhausted through exposure to the sun he should find a cool place, lie down, and bathe the face, hands, and chest in cold water and drink freely of cold water. Sunstroke and heat exhaustion, though due to the s?me c?use, are quite different and require different treatment. In sun- stroke unconsciousness is complete The face is red, pupils large, the skin is very hot and dry with no perspiration. The patient sighs and the pulse is full and slow. The treatment for sunstroke consists in reducing the temperature of the body. A doctor should be summoned whenever poss?le. The patient should be removed to a cool place and his clothing loosened, or better the greater part of it removed. Cold water, or ice, should be rubbed over the face, neck, chest, and in arm pits. When consciousness returns give cold water freely. Heat exhaustion is simply exhaustion or collapse due to heat. The patient is greatly depressed and weak but not usually unconscious. Face is pale and covered with clammy sweat, breathing and pulse are weak and rigid. While t_hi.? condition is not nearly as danger- ous as sunstroke, a doctor should be summoned if pos- sible. Remove the patient to a cool place and have him lie down with his clothing loosened. Don'tBoy Scouts ternally, but permit him to take small sips of cold water. S?imulants should be given just as in fa/nting. Freezing The patient should be taken int? a cold room and the body should be rubbed with rough cloths wet in cold water. The temperature of the room should be increased .if possible. This should be done gradually and the cloths should be wet in warmer ? warmer water. As soon as th? patien? can swallow give him stimulants. It will be dangerous to place him 'before

n open fire or in a hot bath until he begins to recover. You 

will know this by his skin becoming warmer, by his better color? and by his generally improved appearance. Frost-BIt? Remember that you are in danger of frost-bite if you do not wear sufficient clothing in cold w?ather, and that rubbing any part of the body which becomes very cold helps to prevent frost- bite, because it brings more warm blood to the surface. The danger is when, after being cold, the part suddenly has no feeling. The object of the treatment is gradually to resWre wannth to the frozen part. To do this the part should be rubbed first with snow or cold water; the water should be warmed gradually. The use of hot water at once would bb likely to cause morti- fication of the frozen part. Pois?ning For all poisons give an emetic. Send for a doctor at once and ff possible have the messenger tell what poison has been taken so that the doctor may bring the proper antidote. Do not wait for him to arrive, but give an emetic to rid the sWmach of the pohon. Good emetics are mustard and water, salt water, or lukewarm water alone in large quantities. Never mind the exact dose and if vomiting is not profuse repeat the dose. Fits A person in a fit first has convuls/ve movements of the body, then he usually becomes unconsdous. A scout should have no d/fiiculty in making out what is the matter with a person in a fit. Put the sufferer on the floor or the ground where he can not hurt himself by striking anytiring. Loosen tight ?cJothing and 60 not try to restrain the convulsive move?,e?o?d dFirst Aid and Life Saving z73 cloth thrust in the mouth will prevent biting the tongue. When he becomes quiet do not disturb hlm? INJURIES DUE TO HEAT AND GOLD Burns and Scalds For slight burns in order to relieve the pain some dressing to exv. lude the air is needed. Very good substances of this clm? axe pastes made with water and baking sod% starch, or flour. Carbolized vaseline, olive or castor oil, and fresh lard or cream are all good. One of these substances should be smeared over a thin piece of cloth and placed on the burned paxt. A bandage should be put on over this to hold the dress- ing in place a?d for additional protection. Severe burns and scalds are very serious injuries which quire treatment from ? physician. Pending his arrival t?e scout should remember to treat the sufferer for shock as well as to ckess the wound. Bu?m from electricity should be treated exactly like o?her burn? Do not attempt to remove do?hln9 which sticks to a burn; cut t!? doth around the part which sticks and leave it on the burn. PiRST AID FOR EMEROENGIES B_?&!_es the accidents which have been mentioned, certain em cies may demand treatment by a scout ? . T?e commonest of these ar?e descubed here. Something In the Eye No little thing causes mo?e pain and discomfort than some- tblng in the eye. Do not rub to remove a foreign body from the eye, as this is likely to injure the delicate covering of the eyeball. First, close the eye so the tsars will accumulate, these may wash the foreign body into plain view so that it may be easily removed. If this fails, pull the upper lld over the lower two or three times, close the nostril on the opposite side and have the patient blow his nose hard. If the foreign body still rem?in.? in the eye, examine first under the lower and then the upper lid. For the former have the patient look up, is seen ' ' press lower lid down, ?nd if the foreign body gently with the corner of a dean handkerchief. I?First Aid and Life Saving 277 Chills In order to stop a chill drink hot milk or hot iemomtde and get into bed. Plenty of covers should be used, and hot water bottles or hot milk or lemonade help to warm one quickly. Carrying Injured A severely injured person is always best carried on a stretcher. The easiest stretcher for a scout to improvise is the coat stretch- er. For this two coats and a pair of poles are needed. The sleeves of the coat are first turned ins/de out. The coats are then placed on the ground with their lower sides touching each other. The poles axe pas?! through the sleeves on each side, the coats axe buttoned up with the button side down. A piece of carpet, a blanket, or sacking can be used in much the same way as the coats, rolling in a portion at each side. Shutters and doors make fair stretchers. In order not to jounce the patient in carrying him the bearers should break step. The bearer in front steps off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the right. A number of different methods for carry- ing a patient by two'bearers are practised.First Aid and Life Saving 279 bearers then stoop and place the chair under the sitting patient who steadies himself by placing his arms around their necks. It will sometimes be necessary for one scout to carry an injured comrade. The scout should first turn the patient on his face; he then steps astride his body, faring toward the patient's head, and, with hands under his arm-pits, lifts him to his knees; then, clasping hands over the abdomen, lifts him to his feet; he then, with his left hand, seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws his left arm around his (the bearer's) neck and holds it against his left chest, the patient's left side rest- ing against his body, and supports him with his right arm about the waist. The scout, with his left hand, seizes the right wrist of the patient and draws the arm over his head and down upon his shoulder, then, shifting himself in front, stoops and clasps the right thigh with his right arm passed between the legs, his right hand seizing the patient's right wrist; lastly, the scout, with his left hand, grasps the patient's left hand, and steadies it against his side when he arises. WATER ACCIDENTS Wil?rt E. Longfellow, U?ited States Voluntter Life Saving Corps The scout's motto, "Be Prepared," is more than usuaUy applicable to the work of caring for accidents which happen in the water. To save lives, the scout must know first how to swim, to care for himseft, and then to learn to carry another and to break the clutch, the "death grip," which we read so much about in the newspaper accounts of drowning accidents. By constant trnlnlng, a boy, even though not a good swimmer, can be peffectiy at home in the water, fully dressed, undressed, or t?eg a boy of his own size or larger. In fact two boys of or fourteen years can save a man. Swimming For physical development the breast stroke is useful, for it is one that is used in caring a tired swimmer and is used to go to the bottom for lost articles and to search for a person who has sunk before hdp has reached him. It is possible, you know, to go to the bottom and bring a body to the surface and swim with it to shore before life is extinct and to resfore con- sciousness by well-directed efforts. The body of an unconscious person weighs littie when wholly or partially subme .?84 Boy Scouts in the other's stomach, forcing him to expel the air in his lungs and at the same time preventing him from getting more by pressure on the nostrils and mouth. Should the pressure of the grip around the body be too great to allow freedom of the arms, the preliminary move in that case would be to bring both arms to the level of the shoulder, thus sliding the other's arms to the neck, leaving the rescuer's arms to cox;er the nose. Back Strangle The back strangle hold is an awkward one to break and one which must be broken without an instant's delay, or the would- be rescuer himself will .be in great need of kelp. In practice it will be found that, by grasping the encircling arms at the wrists and pushing back with the buttocks against the other's abdomen, room to slip out can be obtained. In a life and death struggle, sharper measures are needed, and if the rescuer throws his head suddenly back against the nose of the drowning man, he will secure his freedom very readily and have him under control by the time he has recovered from his dazed condition. Rescue From Shore or Boat It is not always necessary to go into the water to attempt a rescue, and in many cases, when some one has fallen off a bridge or dock, a line or buoy or boat can be used to advantage without placing more lives in danger than the one in the water. Discretion in such matters is worthy of recognition rather than too much recklessness in swimming out. Use a boa? when poss/b/e. Practice in throwing a life buoy should be indulged in where possible, and a good scout should always leave the line coiled over pegs and the buoy hanging on top to bind it in place for instant use in an emergency. Diving From the Surface When a bather or victim from a boating accident ?inlrs to the bottom of a river or pond of from seven to twenty feet in depth, prompt rescue methods n?y bring him to the surface, and resuscitation methods, promptly applied, will restore breath. If there is no current in the pond or lake, bubbles from the body will indicate its whereabouts direcfiy beneath the place where it san? Should there be tide. or currents, the bubbles are carried at an angle with the streams and the searcher must go from the spot where the person disap i?i?i?d b?re?? along !First Aid and Life Saving a87 water out of him. The Sch?aefer or prone method requires but one operator at a time and no waste of time in preliminaries. When taken from the water the patient is laid on the grinrod face downward, arms extended above the head, face a little to one side, so as not to prevent the free passage of air. The opera- tor kneels astride or beside the prone figure and lets hi? fall into the spaces between the short ribs. By letting the weight "of the upper body fall upon his hands resting on the prone the air is forced out of the lungs; by relaxing the pressure, the chest cavity enlarges and air is drawn in to take the place of tlmt forced out. By effecting this change of air -- pressing and laxing, twelve to fifteen times a minute (time it by watch at first, and then count) aztifidai breathing is performed. Some? times it is necessary to work an hour or two before the fliclmr of an eyelid or a gasp from the patient rewards the life efforts, and then he must careftdly "piece in" the breathing until natural breathing is resumed. When breathing starts? th? promote circulation by rubbing the legs and body toward the heart. Do not attempt to stimulate by the throat until the patient can swallow. Give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits

of aremorris, in half a gla? of water. 

R?,nemtnw that by laying the patient fact downward l?uids in ttte air passages will run or be forced out and ti?e tong? ds, op forunwd, and r?qui?e no holding, always an a?k'ants'd task. Treatment After Respiration The after treatment is important. Put the patient to bed, keep quiet and warm. Always get the services of a physician as soon as possible, but do not wait for him to come. Start work instantly. The patient needs oxygen, so keep spectators away. They are robbing the man of the life-giving properties of the air. For thi.? reason, in all but the mo?t severe weather, it is well to work on the patient in the open. Lif? Buoys If one is to place a life buoy for instant use in emergencies it should be hung upon four pegs driven into holes in two pieces of wood nailed together in the form of the diameter of a two-foot square or three pegs in strips of wood arranged in the form of a T, about eighteen or twenty inches high, the two pegs at either side of the top bar of the T and the other one on the upright near the bottom. Most Life buoys used on sho?re have fifty or seventy-five feet of light lineCHAPTER V!!! OAME$ AND ATHLETIC STANDARDS THE (tAMES By Ernest Thompson $e?on. Clef Scout Deer Hunting The deer hunt has proved one of our most successful games. The deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame, on which soft hay is wrapped till it is of proper size and shape, then all is covered with open burlap. A few touches of white and black mol?e it very realistic. If time does not aAmit of a well-finished deer, one can be made of a sack stuffed with hay, decorated at one end with a smaller sack for head and neck, and set on four thin sticks. The side of the deer is marked with a large oval, and over the heart is a smaller one. Bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. A pocketful of corn, peas, or other large grain is now needed for scent. The boy who is the deer for the first hunt takes the dummy under his arm and runs off, getting ten minutes' start, or until he comes back and shouts "ready!" He leaves a trail of corn, dropping two or three grains for every yard and making the trail as crooked as he likes, playing such tricks as a deer would do to baffle his pursuers. Then he hides the deer in any place he fancies, but not among rocks or on the top of a ridge, because in one case many arrows would be broken, and in the other, lost. The .hunters now hunt for this deer just as for a real deer, either following the trail or watching the woods aheaA: thez9z Boy Scout best hunters combine the two. If at any time the trail is quite lost the one in charge shouts: "Lost Traill" After that the one who finds the trail scores two. Any one giving a false alarm by shouting "Deer" is fined five. ?nus they go till some one finds the deer. lie shouts: "Deerl" and scores /en for finding it. The others shout: aSecond," "Third," etc., in order of seeing it, but they do not The finder must shoot at the deer with his bow and arro? [rom the very spot whence he saw it. If he misses, the second hunter may step up five paces, and have his shot. If he the third one goes five, and so on till some one hits the deer, or until the ten-yard llm?t is reached. If the finder is within ten yards on sighting the deer, and misses his shot, the other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit. Once the deer is hit, all the shooting must be from the exact spot whence the suc- eess?ul shot was fired. A shot in the big oval is a body wound; that scores five. A shot outside that is a scratch; that scores two. A shot in the small oval or heart is a heart wound; it scores te?,.and ends the hunt. Arrows which do not stick do not count, unless it can be proved that they passed right through, in which case they take the highest score that they pierced. If all the arrows are used, and none in the heart, the deer escapes, and the boy who was deer scores twenty-flee. The one who found the dummy is deer for the next hunt. A clever deer can add greatly to the excitement of the game. Originally we used paper for scents..but ??bad. It littered the woods; yesterday's trail w=?'?e:b?it'?i?h that ofGames and Athletic Standards 293 to-day, etc. Corn proved better, because the birds and the squirrels kept it cleaned up from day to day, and thus the ground was always ready for a fresh start. But the best of all is the hoof mark for the ?aoe. These iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes, and leave a trail much like a real deer. Th/s has several advan- tages. Itgives the .hunter a chance . t6'?t?ll where the trail doubled, and which way t h e deer was going. It is more real- istic, and the boy who c a n follow this skilfully can ?"?"? ?? follow a- living deer. In actual ............ practice it is found well to use $1? n?w ? a litfie corn with this on the hard places, a plan quite consistent with realism, as every hunter will recall. It is strictly forbidden to any hunter to stand in front of the firing line; all must be back of the line on which the shooter stands. There is no limit to the situations and curious combinations in this hunt. The deer may be left standing or lying. There is no law why it should not be hidden behind a solid tree trunk. The game develops as one follows it. After it has been played for some time with the iron hoof mark as above, the boys grow so skilful on the trail that we can dispense with even the corn. The iron mark like a deer hoof leaves a very realistic "slot" or track, which the more skilful boys readily follow through the woods. A hunt is usually for three, five, or more deer, according to agreement and the result is reckoned by p?mts o? the whole chase. The Bear Hunt This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each has a dub about the size and shape of a baseball club, but mad/yo?.sAr?k Digitized byz94 Boy Scouts.

tied around two or three switches and tightly s?wn up fn burlap. 
-- One big fellow is selected for the bear. He h?s a school b?g 

tightly strapped on his back, ?nd in that a toy balloon 'fully blown up. This is his h?rt. On his neck is a bear-claw neddace of wooden beads and daws. (See cut.) He has three dens about one hundred yards apart in. a tri- angle. While in his den the bear is safe. If the den is a tree or rock, he is safe while touching it. He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter counts one hundred, and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt is settled. The object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart; that is, to kill the bear. He must drop dead when the heart bursts. The hunter who kills him claims the necklace. But the bear also has a club for defence. Each hunter must wear a hat, and once the bear knocks a hunter's hat off, that one is dead and out of this hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. Tackling of any kind is forbidden. The bear wins by killing or putting to flight all the hunters. In this case he keeps the necklace. The savageness of these big bears is indescribable. Many lives are lost in each hunt, and it has several times happened that the whole party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual ferocity. This game has also been developed into a phy. ?i?i?i? ? G 0 oc?[eGames and Athletic Standards Spearing the (]rear Sturgeon z95 This water game is 'exceedingly 'popular and is especially good for public exhibition, being spectacular and full of amuse- 'ment and excitement. ..n? The oust n?d? ?: (x) A st?g?n roug?y fo? of soR w?d; it shoed be aM?t thr? feet long and nearly a f?t t?ck at ?e head. It may be made re?stic, or a small log point? at both ? ?l sere. (;) Two spears ? six-inch st?l hea? and wo?en han? (about thr? feet long). The points should be sh?, but not ?e barbs. Sometimes the barbs are omitted ?ltogether. ? head should have ?n eye to which ? attached twenty feet of onequarter inch rope. On e?ch rope, s? f?t [rom the spearhead, is a fathom m?rk made by t?ng on ? rag or cord. (?) Two bo? ?th crews. Each crew cons?ts o? ? spear- man, who ? c?pt?, a? one or two o?rsmen or padders, of wh? ?e ?ter one h ?e p?ot. ?1 should be e?ert s?me? or e]? w?r ?e-bel? duH? ?e game. T? Game. -- Ea? boat has a b?e or harbor; t? ? usually part of ?e shore opposite ?at of ?e enemy; or it oblates all ?nger of collision ff ?e boats start from the same side. The st?geon ? left by ?e referee's canoe at a poht ?dway between the b?es. At ?e word "Go!" each boat leav? its base and, making for the sturgeon, tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. When both get their spears into tt the contest becomes a tug of war until one of the s?ri ?ll?)f?[z96 Boy Sco?ts The sturgeon is landed when the prow of't?e boat that has it in tow touches its proper base, even though the spear of the enemy is then in the fish: or it is landed when the. fish itself touches base. The boats change bases after each he?t. Matches are usually for one, three, or five sturgeon. Points are counted only for the landing of the fi.?h, but the referee may give the decision on a foul or a succession of fouls, or the delinquent may be set back one or more boat lengths. Sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats, with one man as spearman and crew. g?/?s. --It is not a//owabl to push the sturgeon' into a new position with the spear or paddle before striking. It is allowable to pull the sturgeon under the boat or pass it around by using the line after spearing. It/s allowable to lay hands on the other boat to prevent a collision, but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the other boat or crew or paddle or spear or line, or to lay hands on the fish, or to touch it with the paddle or oar, or touch your own spear while it is in the fish, or to tie the line around the fish except so far as this may be acddentally done in spearing. It/s allowable to dislodge the enemy's spear by throwing your own over it. The purpose of the barbs is to assist in this. It/s allowable to run on to the sturgeon with the boat. It/s absolutely forbidden to throw the spear o?r the other boat or over the heads of your crew. In towing the sturgeon the fathom mark must be over the gunwale -- at least six feet of line should be out when the fish is in tow. It is not a foul to have less, but the spearman must at once let it out ff the umpire or the other crew cries "fathom!" The spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use the paddle or oar at will, but not to resign his spear to another of the crew. The spearman must be in his boat when the spear is thrown. If the boat is upset the referee's canoe helps them to right. Each crew must accept the backset of its accidents. Tilting in The Water For thk? we usually have two boats or war canoes manned by four men each. These are a spearman, who is also a captain, a pilot, and two oarsmen. The spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo eight or ten feet long, with a soft Dad on the end. Sometimes this is ' Digitized by ?,-? 00? [{?Games and Athletic Standards further provided with a hook This is a forked branch with limbs a foot long; one is lashed to the bamboo, the other. pro- jecting out a foot, and slightly backward. The end of the Tilting spear spear and the fork are now thoroughly padded with burlap ?o the shape of a duck's head and bill. And it must be cased in waterproof, to keep it from getting wet and heavy. The object of the hook is to change suddenly from pushing, and to pull the enemy by hooking round his neck. Each boat should have a quarter-deck or raised platform at one end, on which the spearman stands. The battle is fought in rounds and by points. To put your opponent back into the canoe with one foot counts you five; two feet, ten. H he loses his spear you count five (excepting when he is put overboard). H you put him down on one knee on the fighting deck, you count five; two knees, ten. H you put him overboard it counts twenty-five. One hundred points is a round. A battle is for one or more rounds, as agreed on. It is forbidden to hook or strike below the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. Canoe Tag nAnctYlshi, mber of canoes or boats may engage in this. A rub- bet on, a hot-water bag full of air, anyigll?)?;?[?]] ,398 Boy Scohts or a cotton bag with a lot of corks in it is needed. .is to tag the other canoe by throwing this into it. The. rules are as in ordinary cross-tag. The. game Scouting -. Scouts are sent out in pairs or.singly. A numbdr of points are marked on the map at equal distances from camp, and the scouts draw straws to see where each goes. If one place is obviously hard, the scout is ?Jlowed/? fair number of points as handicap. All set out at ?ame t/me, go direct, and return as soon as possible. Points are thus allowed: Last back, zero for travelling. The others count one for each minute they are ahead of the last. Points up to one hundred are allowed 'for their..story on return. Sometimes we allow ten points for each turtle they have seen; ten for each owl seen and properly named; five for each hawk, and one each for other wild birds; also two for a cat; one for a dog. No information is given the scout; he is told to go to such a point aad do so and so, but is fined points if he hesitates or asks how or why, etc. The Oame o! Quicksight Make two boards about a foot square, divide each into twenty-five squares; get ten nuts and ten pebbles. Give to one player one board, five nuts, and five pebbles. He places oGames and Athletic Standards z99 these on the squares in any pattern he fancies, and when ready the other player is allowed to see it/or five seconds.' Then it is covered up, and from the memory o/what he saw the second player must reproduce the pattern on his own 'board. He counts one for each that was right, and takes off one for each that was wrong. They take turn and turn about. Th/s game is a wonderful developer of the power t? See and memorize quickly. Farsight, or Spot the Rabbit Take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard or whitened wood. On each of these draw an oufiine rabbit, one an 'exact duplicate of the other. Make twenty round black wafers or spots, each half an inch across. Let one player stick a few of these on one rabbit?oard and set it up in full light. The other, beginning at one hundred yards, draws near till he can see the spots well enough to reproduce the pattern on the other which he carries. If he can do it at seventy-five yards he has wonderful eyes. Down even to seventy (done three times out of five), he counts high honor; from seven.ty to sixty counts honor. Below that does not count at all. Pole=star Each competitor is given a long straight stick in daytime, and told to lay it due north and south. In doing this he may guide himself by sun, moss, or anything he can find in nature--anything, indeed, except a compass. ?t?z?d byGO0?[3oo Boy Scout The direct/on is checked by a good compass corrected for the locality. The one who comes nearest wins. It is optional with the judges whether the use of a timepiece is to be allowed. Rabbit Hunt The game of rabbit hunting is suited for two hunters in limited. grou!?ds. Three,little. sacks -of -bWwn burlap,. each about eight inch es by twelve, are stuffed with hay. At any given place in the woods the two hunters stand in a ten-foot circle with their bows and arrows. One boy is blind- folded; the other, without leaving the circle, throws the rabbits into good hiding places on the ground. Then the second hunter has to find the rabbits and shoot them without leaving the circle. The lowest number of points wins, as in golL If the hunter has to leave the cirde he gets one point for every step he takes outside. After he sees the rabbit he must keep to that spot and shoot till it is hit once. One shot kills it, no matter where struck. For every shot he misses he gets five points. Alter his f?rst shot at each rabbit the hider takes alternate shots with him. If it is the hider who kills the rabbit, the hunter adds ten points to his score. If the hunter hits it, he takes ten off his score. H the hunter fails to find all the rabbits, he scores twenty- ?ve for each one he gives up. The hider cannot score at all. He can only help his friend into trouble. Next time the two change places. A match is usually for two brace of'rabbits. Hostile Spy Hanging from the totem pole is a red or yellow horse-tail. This is the grand medicine scalp of the band. The hostile spy has to steal it. The leader goes around on the morning of the day and whispers to the various'braves, "Look out- there's a spy in camp." At length he gets secretly near the one he has selected for spy and whispers, "Look out, there's a spy in camp, and you are/t." He gives him at the same time some bright-coloured badge, that he must wear as soon as he ? secured the medicine scalp. He must not hide the scalp on his person, but keep it in view. Hc has all day till sunset ? ? ?'00?[CGames and Athletic StandaMs 3ox to get away with it. If he gets across the river or other limit, with warriors in dose pursuit, they give him ten arrow heads (two and one half cents each), or other ransom agreed on. If he gets away safely and hides it, he can come back and dalm fifteen arrow heads from the council as ransom for the scalp. If he is caught, he pays his captor ten arrow heads ransom for his life. The Man-Hunt This is played with a scout and ten or more hostiles, or hounds, according to the country, more when it is rough or wooded. The scout is given a letter addressed to the "Military Com- mandant"* of any given place a mile or two away. He is told to take the letter to any one of three given houses, and get it endorsed, with the hour when he arrived, then return to the starting-point within a certain time. The hostiles are sent to a point half-way, and let go by a starter at the same time as the scout leaves the camp. They are to intercept him. If they catch'him before he delivers the letter he must ran- som his life by paying each two arrow heads (or other forfeit) and his captor keeps the letter as a trophy. If he gets through, but is caught on the road back, he pays half as much for his life. If he gets through, but is over time, it is a draw. If he gets through successfully on time he claims three arrow heads from each hostile and keeps the letter as a trophy. They may not follow him into the house (that is, the fort), but may surround it at one hundred yards distance. They do not know which three houses he is free to enter, but they do know that these are within certain limits. The scout should wear a conspicuous badge (hat, shirt, coat, or feather), and may ride a wheel or go in a wagon, etc., as long as his badge is dearly visible. To "tag" the scout is not to capture. "The blockade to be binding must be effectual." Hunt the Coon This is an in-door game, founded on the familiar "Hunt the Thimble." We use a little dummy coon; either make it or turn a ready- made 'toy rabbit into one by adding tail and black mask, and cropping the ears. ,,. le3oz Boy Scouts All the players but one go out of the room. That one places the coon anywhere in sight, high or low, but in plain view; all come in and seek. The first to find it, sits down silenfiy, and scores one. Each sits down, on seeing it, giving no due to the others. The first to score three coons is winner, usually. Sometimes we play till every one but one has a coon; that one is the booby. The others are first, second, etc. Sometimes each is given his number in order of finding it. Then, after seven or eight coons, these numbers are added up, and the lowat h winner. If no coon is available use a thimble. Spear Fights This is an in-door game with out-door weapons. The soft- headed, eight foot spears of the tilting-match are used. The contestants stand on barrels eight feet apart. Each tries to put the other off his barrel. It is well to have a catcher behind each player to save him if he falls. Games are for seven, eleven, or thirteen points. Navajo Feather Dance An eagle feather hung on a horse.hair, so as to stand up- right, is worked by a hidden operator, so as to dance and caper. The dancer has to imitate all its motions. A marion- ettc may be used. It is a great fun-m?ker. Feather Football or Feather Blow This is an in-door, wet-weather game. The players hold a blanket on the knees or on the table. A soft feather is put in the middle. As. many' may play as can get near. They may be in sides, two or four or each for him- self. At the signal, "Go!" each tries to blow the feather off the blanket at the enemy's side, and so count one for himself. A game is usually best out of seven, eleven, or thirteen. Cock-Fighting Get two stout sticks, each two feet long (broomsticks will do). Pad each of these on the end with a ball of rag. These are the spurs. Make an eight-foot ring. The two rivals are on their hunkers, each with a stick through behind his knees, his hands clasped in front of the knees, and ends of the spurs.Games and Athletic Standards 303 Now they close; each a/ming to upset the other, to make him lose his spurst or to put him out of the ring, any of which ends that round and scores one for the victor. If both fall, or lose a spur, or go out together, it is a draw. Battle is for seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds. Hand=Wrestling This is a jiujitsu game, introduced by Dr. L. H. Gulick. The two contestants stand right toe to right toe, each right hand clasped, left feet braced, left hand free. At the word, "Go!" each tries to unbalance the other: tha? is, make hlm lift or move one of his feet. A li/t or a shift ends the round. Battles are for best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds. Badger=Pulling The two contestants, on hands and knees, face each other. A strong belt or strap is buckled into one great loop that passes round the head of each: that is, crosses his nape. Half-way be- . tween them is a dead line. The one who pulls the other over this line is winner. The contestant can at any time end the bout by lowering his head so the strap slips off; but this counts one against him_ Game is best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen points. Poison This is an ancient game. A circle about three feet across is drawn on the ground. The players, holding hands, make a ring around this, and try to make one of the number step into the poison circle. He can evade it by side-stepping, by jump- ing over, or by dragging another fellow into it. First.to make the misstep is "it" for the time or for next game. Hat-Ball When I was among the Chcpewyan Indians of Great Slave Lake, in z9o?, I made myself popular with the young men, as well as boys, by teaching them the old game of hat-ball. The players (about a dozen) put their hats in a row near a house, fence, or log (hollows up). A dead linc is drawn ten feet from the hats; all must stand outside of that. The one who is "it" begins by throwing a soft ball into one of the hats. H he misses the hat, a chip is put into his own, and he tries over. As soon as he drops the ball into a hat, the o?voer runs Digitized by ?,?00? [C3o4 B?y Scouts to get the ball; all the rest run away. The owner must not follow beyond the dead line, but must throw the ball at some one. If he hits him, a chip goes into that person's hfft; ?f not, a chip goes into his own. As soon as some one has five chips, he wins the booby prize: that is, he must hold his hand out steady against the wall, and each player has five shots at it with the ball, as he stands On the dead line. Duck-on=a=Rock This is a good old grandfather game. Each player has a large, smooth, roundish stone, about five or six inches through. This is his duck. He keeps it per- manently. The rock is any low bowlder, block, stump, bump, or hillock on level ground. A dead line is drawn through the rock, and another parallel, fifteen feet away, for a firing line. The fellow who is "it," or "keeper," perches his duck on the rock. The others stand at the firing line and throw their ducks at his. They must not pick them up or touch them with their hands when they are beyond the dead linc. If one does, then the keeper can tag him (unless he reaches the faring line), and send him to do duty as keeper at the rock. But they can coax their ducks with their feet, up to the dead line, not beyond, then watch for a chance to dodge back to the firing line, where they are safe at all times. If the duck is knocked off by any one in fair firing, the keeper is powerless till he has replaced it. Meantime, most of the players have secured their ducks and got back safely to the firing line. Road-side Cribbage This is a game we often play in the train, to pass the time pleasantly. Sometimes one party takes the right side of the road, with the windows there, and the other the left. Sometimes all players sit on the same slde. The game is, whoever is first to see certain thln?er? agreed on scores so many points. Thus: A crow or a cow counts ........................................ A cat ....................................................... A hawk ....................................................... An owl ...................................................... 4 A sheep ................................................... A goat ........................................................ 6 /? horse .................................Games and Athletic Standards 305 The winner is the one who first gets iwenty-five or fifty points, as agreed. When afoot, one naturally takes other things for points, as certain trees, flowers, etc. Lion Hunting* A lion is represented by one scout, who goes out with tracking irons on his feet, and a pocketful of corn or peas, and six lawn- tennis balls or rag balls. He is allowed haft an hour's start, and then the patrol go after him, following his spoor, each armed with one tennis ball with which to shoot him when they find him. The lion may hide or creep about or run, just as he feels inclined, but whenever the ground is hard or very greasy he must drop a few grains of corn every few yards to show the trail. If the hunters fail to come up to him neither wins the game. When they come near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis balls, and the moment a hunter is hit he must fall out dead and cannot throw his tennis ball. If the lion gets hit by a hunter's tennis ball de is wounded, and if he gets wounded three times he is killed. Tennis balls may only be fired once; they cannot be picked up and fired again in the same fight. Each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game. In winter, if there is snow, this game can be played without tracking irons, and using snowballs instead of tennis Plant Race Start off your scouts, either cycling or on foot, to go in any direction they like, to get a specimen of any ordered plant, say a sprig of yew, a shoot of ilex, a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree, a briar rose, or something of that kind, which- ever you may order, such as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to where they nnticcd one of the kind required and will also make them quick in getting there and back. Throwing the Assegai Target, a thin sack, lightly stuffed with straw, or a sheet of card-board, or canvas stretched on a frame. Assegais to be made of wands, with weighted ends sharpened or with iron arrow heads on them.

• T? ? ? L? Hu?t? to H? ,? Hou? ? ?rom ?306 Boy Scouts

Flag Raiding Two or more patrols on each side. Each side will form s.n outpost within a given tract of country ,to protect three flags (or at night three lanterns two feet above

ground), planted not less than two hundred yards (one hundred

yards at night) from it. The protecting outpost will be posted Jn concealment either all together or spread out in pairs. It will then send out scouts to discover the encmy's position. When these have found out where the outpost is, they try to creep round out of sight till they can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line. One scout may not take away more than one flag. This is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost: p?ir of Scouts Pah- ?f ?out? Pair ?g ?o?ts Patrol Leader P. P. P. Any sco?t coming within fifty yards ?f a singroger party will be put out of action if seen by the enemy; ff he can creep by n?ilhout being seen it is all right. Scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground, but their strength ?ounts u double, and they may send ?ingle messages to their neighbors or to their own scouting An umpire should be with each outpost and with each sco?t- ing patrol. At a given hour operations will cease, and all will assemble at the ?ven spot to hand in their reports. The [ollow'u?g points migi?t be awarded: For each ?ag or lamp capt?med aad brought in ..................... S For each report or sketch ot the p?sitioa of the ?nPmy's outtoasts uO to five .................................................... $ For each ? ? movement o[ cnemy's s?outlng patrols.. ........... 2 The side which makes the biggest total wins. The same game may be played to test the scouts in stepping lightly- the umpire being btind?lded. The practice should pretcrably be carried out where there are dry tw/gs lyiag about, and gravel, etc. The scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at oae haadrod yards' distance, aad he mast do it fairly last --say, in one minute and a half- to touch tJ?e blind mats before he hears him.Games and Athletic Standards 307 Stalking and Reporting The umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off. When he waves a flag, which is the signal to begin, they all hide, and then proceed to stalk him, creeping up and watching all he does. When he waves the flag again, they rise, come in, and report each in turn all that he did, either by handing in a ?vritten report or verbally, as may be ordered. The umpire meantime has kept a lookout in each direction, and, every time he sees a scout he takes two points off that scout's score. I-Ie, on his part, performs small actions, such as sitting down, kneeling, looking through glasses, using hand- kerchief, taking hat off for a bit, wa_lklng round in a circle a few times, to give scouts something to note and report about him. Scouts are given three points for each act reported correctly. It saves time if the umpire makes out a scoring card_ beforehand, giving the name of each scout, and a number of columns showing each act of his, and what mark that scout wins, ?lso a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves. Spider and Fly A bit of country or section of the town about a mile square" is selected as the web, and its boundaries described, and an hour fixed at which operations are to cease. One patrol (or half-patrol) is the "spider," which goes out and selects a place to hide itself. The other patrol (or half-patrol) go a quarter of an hour later as the "fly" to look for the "spider." They can spread themselves about as they like, but must tell their leader any- thing that they discover. An umpire goes with each party. If within the given time (say, about two hours) the fly has' not discovered the spider, the spider wins. The spiders write' down the names of any of the fly patrol that they may see. Stalking Instructor acts as a deer m not hiding, but standing, moving g little now and then if he likes. Scouts go out to find, and each in his own way tries to get. up to him unseen. ]?irectly the instructor sees a scout, he directs up as having faileeL After a certain time the instructor calls308 Boy Sc0uts / "time," all stand up at the spot w?cl? they have reached, and the nearest wins. Demonstrate the ?alue of adapting color of clot hes to back- ground by sending out one boy about five hundred yards to stamt against different backgrounds in turn, till he gets one similar in color to his own clothes. The rest o.f the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes when he gets a suitable background. E.g., a boy in a gray suit standing in front of dark bushes, etc., is quite visible ? ut becomes less so if he stands in front o.f a gray rock or house; a boy in a dark suit is very visible in a green field, but not when he stands in an open door-way against dark interior shadow. Scout Hunting ?)ne scout is given time to go out and hide himself, the re- mainder then start to find him; he wins if he is not found, or ff he can get back to the starting point within a given time without being touched. Relay Race One patrol pitted against another to see who can get a mes- sage sent a long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners (or cyclists). The patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes or tokens (such as sprigs of certain plants), from a point, say, two miles distant or more. The leader in taking his patrol out to the spot drops scouts at convenient distances, who will then act as runners from one post to the next and.back. If relays are posted in pairs, messages can be passed both ways. Track Memory Make a patrol sit with their feet up, so that other scouts can study them. Give the scouts, say, three minutes to study the boots. Then leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight, let one of the patrol make some footmar-ks in a good bit of ground. Call up the scouts one by one and let them see the track and say who made it. Spot the Thief Get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts. The scouts study his track so as to know it again. Then put the stranger among eight or ten ?th?t?cl let them all make their tracks for the boys to ?//?bh/?'b?ih rotation. Each scout then in turn whispers to the umpire which man,Games ?a?d. Athletic Standards 3o9 made the original tr}4ck?--?describing him by his number in filing past. The scoht ?ho answers correctly wins; ff more than one answers correctly ?, the one who then draws the best diagram, from memory, of the footprint wins. Smugglers Over the Border The "bor3e?." is a certain line of country about four hun- dred yards long,' preferably a road or wide path or hit of saud, on which.foot tracks can easily be seen. One patrol watches the border with selltries posted along thla road, with a reserve posted farther inland. This latter about haft-way between the "border" and the "town"; the "town" would be a base marked by a tree, building, or flags, etc.,' about half a mile distant from the border. A hostile patrol of smugglers assem- ble about haft a mile on the other side of the border. Thsy will all cross the border, in any formation they please, either singly or together or scattered, and m?ke for the town, either walking or running, or at scouts' pace. Only one mnong them is supposed to be smuggling, and 'he wears tracking irons, so that the sentries walk up and down their beat (they may not run till after the "alarm"), waiting for the tracks of the smug- gler. Directly a sentry sees the track, he gives the alarm signal to the reserve and starts him.e, elf to follow up the t?ck as fast as he can. The reserves thereupon cooperate with him and try t6 catch the smuggler before he can reach the town. Once within the .boundary of the ?town he is safe and wins the game. Shop Window Out-doors in Town Umpire takes a patrol down a street past six shops, g?ves them half a minute at each shop, then, after moving them off to some distance, he gives each boy a pencil and card, and tells him to write from memory, or hlm.gelf takes down, what they noticed in, say, the third and fifth shops. The one who sets down most articles correctly wins. It is useful practice to match one boy agalnat another in heats -- the loser competing again, till you arrive at the worst. This gives the worst scouts the most practice. Similar (lame !n-doors Send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute; when he comes out take down a list of furniture and artides which he notices. The boy who notices most wins. ?t?z?dbyGOOg['.$IO Boy Scouts , The simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles ..in the. room on your scoring:paper with a column for marks for 'each. scout against them, which can then easil?t,be totalled up at foot. '; .... Follow the Trail Send out a' "hare," either walking or cycling, with a pocket- -ful o'f corn, nutshells, confetti paper, .or buttons, etc., and drop ?t. few here and there to give a trail for the iSitrol to follow. "'. Or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on ':{vails, gate posts, pavements, lamp posts, trees, etc., ev 'ery here ' and there, and let the patrol hunt you by these niarl?s. Patrols

Should wipe out all these marks as they pass them fo? tidiness,

,'and so as not to mislead them for another day's practice.

;: The Other road signs should also be used, such as dosing up 

'?ertain roads as not used, and hiding a letter at some point, ' giving'directions as to the next turn. " '.? .... Scout's Nose In=doos . Prepare a number of paper bags, all aliko,. and put in each a different smelling article, such as chopped onion in one, tan ?in. another, rose leaves, leather, aniseseed, violet powder, orange ipeel, etc. Put these packets in a row a couple of feet apart, ,.and .let each competitor walk down the line and have five sec- onds sniff at each. At the end he-has one minute in which to .,write. down or to state to the umpire the names of the different objects smelled, from memory, in their correct order. .. Scout Meets Scout in Town or Country ?,'h? e scouts, or complete patrols or parrs of scouts, to be ',?n out about two miles apart, and made to work toward each .::'?'/hcr;either alongside a road,.or by giving each side a landmark i6"work to, such as a steep hill or big tree, which is directly 'b?hi?i the other party, and will thus insure their coming to- ?getl?er... The patrol which first sees the other wins. This is ?gnifi?d by the patrol leader holding up his patrol flag for the

'/t?nl?ide to see, and sounding his whistle.' A patrol need not 

keep together, but that patrol wins which first 'holds out its flag, so it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their patrol leaders by signal, voice, or message.

"Scouts may employ any ruse they like, such as climbing into

items, hiding in carts, etc., but they must not dress uP in disguise. This may also be practised at night. ?i? ?Goo?[Games and Athletic: Standards

.Sheo*?* Out' 

Two patois .compete. Targets: bottles or bricks set ?p on end to represent the opposing patrol. Both patrolsare.alton up in'line at alaout twenty to twenty-five yards lrom the targets, At the word "fire," they throw stones at the targets. Directly a target/aU.s, the umpire directs the correspondhag man o/the other patrol to sit down -- killed. The game goes on,. ff ?

are plenty of stones, fill the whole of one patrol is k/lied. Or a 

certain number of stones can be given to each patrol, or a certain time limit, say one minute. Kim's O?me Place about 'twenty or thirty small articles on a tray, or on the table or floor, such as two or three different kinds of buttona, pencils, corks, rags, nuts, stones, knives, string, photos- any- thing you can find -- and cover them over with .? cloth or c?at. Make a list of thes% and make a column opposite the list/or each boy's replies. . Then uncover the articles for one minute by your watch? or while you count sixty at the rate of "quick m?.Tch." Then cover them over again. Take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the articles that he can remember, and mark it off on your scor- ing sheet. The boy who remembers the greatest number wins the game. ?organ's Oame Scouts are ordered .to run to acer t?in boaxding, where an umpire is alreaxty posted to time them. They are each allowed to look at thh for one minute, and then to run back to head- quarters and report to the instructor all that was on the boarding in the way of advertiseraents. sn?ow Fort The snow fort may be built by one patrol according to their own ideas of fortification, with loopholes, etc., for looking out. When fin/shed, it will be attacked by' hostile patrols, using snowballs as ammunition. Every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead. The attackers should, as a rule, mn?ber aS least twice' the strength of the defenders. 'vi?iti?kJOO?leBoy Scouts Siberian Man Hunt One scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direc- tion he may please until he finds a good hiding place, and there ?onceals hlm.?eN. The remainder, after giving him twenty minutes' start or more, proceed to follow him by his tracks. As they approach his hiding place, he shoots at them with snow- b?!!s? and every one that is.struck must fall out.dead.: The fugitive must be struck three times before he is counted dead. Hare and Hounds Two or more persons representing the hares, and provided with a large q-?mtity of corn, are given a start of several minutes and run a certain length of time, then return by another route to the starting point, all the time scattering corn in their path. After the lapse of the number of minutes' handicap given the hares, those representing the hounds start in pursuit, following by the corn and trying to catch the hares before they reach the starting-point in returning. The handicap given the hares should be small, depending on the running abilities of the hares and hounds. The fastest runners are usually picked for the hounds. Chalk the Arrow This is usually played in the city streets, one player rnnning and trying to keep out of sight of the others who follow. The runner is given time to disappear around the first comer before the others start after him, and at every corner he tums he marks (with chalk) an arrow pointing in the direction he takes. Those pursuing follow by the arrow, the first one seeing him berg the runner for the next time. This may also be played by having any number run and only one follow, the first becoming "it" for the next time. Dodge Ball Of any number of players, half of that number form a circle, while the other half stand ins/de of the ring (centre) facing outward. Now, the ga?e for those in the centre is to dodge the ball which is thrown by any of those form- ing the circle with the intention of S?,gr?,?u?gq?J?re onesGames and Athletic Standards 3 out. Every time a member is struck he is dead, and takes his place among those of the circle. Now he has a chance to throw at those remaining in the centre. This arrangement keeps all taking part busy. Only one is out at a time. This being kept up until finally only one is left. He is hailed the king. For next round, players exchange places, i.e., those who were in the centre now form the circle. Note: .If the touch is t)receded by a bound of the' ball it does not count. Prisoner's Base Goals are marked off at both ends of the playground, the players divided into two equal divisions, occup.ving the two goals. About- ?en paces to the right of each goal is a prison. A player advances toward the opposite goal, when one from that goal starts out to catch him. He retreats, and one from his side runs to his ?Scue by trying, to catch the pursuer --who in turn is succored by?one from/his side, and so on. Every player may catch any one from the opposite side who has been out of goal longer than he has. Any player caught is conducted to the prison by his captor and must remain there until rescued by some one from his side, who touches him with the hand. The one who does this is subject to being caught like any other player. Throwing the Spear The game is an old Greek and Persian pastime. "Throw the spear and speak the truth," was a national maxim of the Persians that we may copy with advantage. The apparatus required is some light spears and an archery target. The spears should vary from five to six feet in length; the point should be shod with a steel tip, having a socket into which the wooden handle is fitted, and made fast by small screws passing through holes in the sides of the metal, and then into the wood itself. The wood, for about a foot above the barb, should be about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and from thence gradually taper to about a quarter of an inch in thickness, until the end of the spear is reached. Some spears are fitted with feathers, like an arrow, but these are not necessary to obtain a good throw, and .s?n get dismantled in continually falling uvon the ground. Any ordinary target will serve. It may be an archery target, a sack full of straw, or a sod bank. ?t?z?d byGOO?[3 Boy Scouts The object of the contest is to Mt the target from a given mark, the firing line. Whoever throws nearest 'to the centre of the target the greatest number of times.out of six shots is hailed the winner. The best form for throwing is with the left foot forward, the leg pedectly straight, body well back, its 'weight resting on the right leg. Now extend the left arm forward, in a line with the shoulder, and over the left leg; poise the spear'hori- zontally in the dght hand, holding at the centre of gravity by the forefinger and thumb.. Bring the Hght arm backward until the hand is behind the right shoulder. Now, inclining the point of the spear slightly upward, make your cast, bringing the dght arm forward, followed by the

right side of the body, the right leg forward and the ldt arm 

backward. Count yourself fortunate if you even hit the target in the first few attempts, but practice will make a wonderful difference. The distance should be mutually agreed upon, but fifty feet for a boy of fifteen and one hundred feet for an adult will be found about right. To "throw the javelin" is another phase of this pastime.

The javelin is four to five feet in length, three quarters of an 

inch in thickness, and fitted with a barbed end, slightty heavier than the spear end. The "object of the game" is to throw the iavelin as far as possible but not at a target; instead, the javelin must stick into the ground. In throwing the javelin, hold it in the right hand, the left leg and hand being advanced; the barb and arm at this point should be at the rear. Then, describing a semicircle with the arm over the right shoulder, and leaning well to the rear, hurl the weapon as far as possible forward. Arctic Expedition Each patrol m?ke a bob sleigh ?vith ropes, harness, for two of their number to pull or for dogs if they have them and can train them to do the work. Two scouts or so go a mile or two ahead, the remainder with the sleigh follow, finding the way by means of the spoor, and by such signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow. All other drawings seen on the Way are to be examined, noted, and their meaning read. The sleigh carries rations and cooking pots, etc. Build snow huts. These must be made narrow, according to the length of the sticks available for forming the roof, which can be made with brushwood and covered withenow., Digitized by t',..? 00g[l? .! .tGames and Athletic Standards 3?5 Dragglng Race A lh?e of patients from one patrol is laid out fifty feet distant from the start. Another patrol, each carrying a rope, run out, tie ropes to the patients, and drag them in. Time taken of last in. Patrols change places. The one which completes in the shortest time wins. Knots must be carefully tied, and patients' coats laid out under their Maxis, Far and Near Umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol in patrol formation. He carries a scoring 'card with the name of each scout on it. Each scout looks out for the details required, and directly he notices one he runs to the umpire s?d informs him or hands in the article, if it is an article he finds. The umpire enters a mark accordingly against his name. The scout who gahas the ' most marks in the walk wins. Details Uke the following should be chosen to develop' the scout's observation and to encourage him to look far and near, up and down, etc. The details should be varied every time the game is played; and about eight or ten should be given at a time. Every match found Every button found Bird tracks. Patch noticed on strangeifs clothing or boots Gray hor?e ?een Pigeon flying Sparrow sitting Ash tree Broken chimney-pot Broken window point point p,,ints points points points points points points point Fir?=lighting Race To collect material, build, and light a fire till the log given by umpire ia alight. Follow My Leader With a large number of boys this can be made a very effective display, and is easy to do at a jog trot, and occasional '? knee-up" with musical accompaniment. It also can be done?t nigl?t,Boy Scouts each boy carrying a Chinese lantern on top of his staff. If in a building all lights, of course, would be turned down. A usual fault is that the exercise is kept on too long, till it wearies both audience and performers. Oames in Path-finding Instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an intricate piece of strange country, with a cycling map. He then gives'instructions as to where he want? to go, makes each scout in turn lead the patrol, say, for seven minutes if cycling, fifteen minutes if walking. This scout is to find the way entirely by the map, and points are given for ability in reading. Mountain ?outing This has been played by tourists' clubs in the lake district, and is very similar to the "Spider and Fly" game. Three hares are sent out at daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains: after breakfast a party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour, say 4 o'clock p.u. If they find them even with field-glasses, it counts, provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted. Certain limits of ground must be given, beyond which any one would be out of bounds, and therefore disqualitied. Knight Errantry Scouts go out singly, or in pairs, or as a patrol. H in a town, to find women or children in want of help, and to return and report, on their honor, what they have done. If in the dountry, call at any farms or cottages and ask to do odd jobs- for nothing. The same can be made into a race called a "Good Turn" race. Unprepared Plays Give the plot of a short, simple, play and assign to each player his part, with an outline of what he has to do and say, and then let them act it, making up the required conversation as they go along. This develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept in the mind, and is a valuable means of education. It is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a Htfie less ambitious, and to make two or threwnlavers merely DigitizedGames and Athletic Standards carry out a conversation on given topics leading up to a given point, -siog their own words and imaginatiOl? in doing so. The Treasure Hunt The treasure hunt needs observation and skill in tracking, and practically any number can take part in it. Several ways of playing the game are given below. x. The treasure is hidden and the scouts know what the treasure is; they are given the first dew, and from this all the others can be traced. Such clews might be (a) written on a gate post: "Go west and examine fifird gate on north side of stream"; (b) on that gate, scout's sign pointing to notice board on which is written, "Strike south by south-east tele- graph post, No. 28/' and so on. The dews should be so worded as to need some skill to understand, and the various points should be difficult of access from one another. This method might be used as a patrol competition, starting olf patrols at ten-minute intervals, and at one particular dew there might be different orders for each patrol, to prevent the patrols be- hind from following the first. 5. The dews may be bits of colOred wood tied to gates, hedges, etc., at about three-yard intervals, leading in a certain' direction, and when these dews come to the end it should be. known that the treasure is hidden within so many feet. To prevent this degenexating into a mere game of follow my leader, several tracks might be laid working up to the same point, and false tracks could be lald, which only lead back again to the original. $. Each competitor or patrol might be given a description of the way m each perhaps of a slightly different way; the description should make it necessary to go to each spot in turn; and prevent any "cutting" in the following way: "Go to the tallest tree in a certain field, from there go one hundred yards north, and then walk straight toward a church tower which will be on your left," etc? All the descriptions should lead by an equal journey to a certain spot where the treasure is hid- den. The first to arrive at that spot should not let the others know it is the spot, but should search for the treasure in as casual a manner as possible. Will-o'-the-Wisp This game should take place across country at night. Two scouts set off in a given d/rection with alantern. After two minutes have pa.?sed ?the patrol or troop starts in pursuit. ? The lantern bearer must show his light at least every minute concealing it for the rest of the tim!. The two scouts take turns in carrying the l/ght, and so may relieve each other in dl/ficulfies, but tither may be captured. The scout without the light can often mingle with the pursuers without being recognized and relieve his friend when he is being hard pressed. They should arrange certain calls or signaJ.s between themselves. Treasure Island A treasure is known to be hidden upon a certain island or bit of shore marked off, and the man who hid it leaves a map with clews for finding it (compass, directions, tide marks, etc.). This map is hidden somewhere near the landing-place; the patrols come in turn to look for it M they have to row from a certain distance, land, find the map, and finally discover the treasure. They should be careJul to leave' no foot tracks, etc., near the treasure, because then the patrols that follow them will easily find it. The map and treasure are to be hidden a/resh for the next patrol when they ha/re been found. The patrol wins which returns to the starting place with the treasure in the shortest

time. (This can be played on the river, the patrols having 

to row across the river to find the treasure.) Horse and Rider Tourney In play/ng this game it is necessary to have a soft, velvety .piece of gra?% or if in doors, in the gymnasium, cover the floor with regular gymnasium mats. It requires four boys to play the game, two being horses and the other two riders. The riders mount their horses and dash at each other with great caution, striving to get a good hold of each other in such ;? way as to compel the opponent to dismount. This can be done either by dragging him from his mount or by making the horse and rider lose their balance so as to throw them o6 their feet. A great deal of sport can be gotten out of this game, and boys become very skilful after a ?ittle practice. /?!umbly Peg* First: Hold the right fist with the back to the ground and with the jack-knife, with blacle pointing to the right, resting

• ?-?a Daniel Carter Beard. Natlo?! Scout Co-,m!-?',a?. ?igitiz,d b? ?OO?[Games ?nd!?Athletic Standards 319

the dosedbi?nnggers ? The hand is swung to the right, on top of ? ? up and over, descri a semicircle, so that the knife falls point downward and sticks, or should stick, upright in the ground. If there is ro6m I? slip:two .fingers, one above the other, beneath the handlc.? the ltnlfe, and if the point of the ltnlfe is hidden in the ground, it counts as a fair stick or throw. Second: The next motion is the same as the one just described, but is performed with the left. Third: Take the point of the blade between the first and second fingers of the right hand, and fillip it with a jerk so that the knife turns once around in the air and strikes the point into the ground. Fourth: Do the same with the left hand. Fifth: Hold the ltnlfe as in the third and fourth positions, and bring the arm across the chest so that the knife handle touches the left ear. Take hold of the right ear with the left hmid and fillip the ltniie so that it turns once or twice in the air and strikes on its point in the earth. Sixth: Do the same with the left hand. Seventh: Still holding the knife in the same manner, bring the handle up to the nose and fillip it over through the air, so that it will stick. in the ground. Eighth: Do the same with the handle at the right eye. Ninth: Repeat with the handle at the left eye. Tenth: Place the point of the blade on the top of the head. Hold it in place with the forefinger, and with a downward push send it whirling down to earth, where it must stick with the point'of blade in the earth. Eleventh to Fifteenth: Hold the left hand with the fingers pointing upward and, beginning with the thumb, place the point of the knife on each finger as described above, and the forefinger of the right hand on the end of the knife handle. By a downward motion, throw the knife revolving through the air, so that it will alight with the point of the blade in the sod. Sixteenth to Twentieth: Repeat, with the right hand up and the foreJ?nger of the left hand on the knife handle. Twenty-first, twenty-second: Do the same from each knee? Twenty-third: Hold the point of the blade between the first and second fingers, and, placing the hand on the fore- head, fillip the knife back over the head, so that it will stick in the ground behind the person ready for the next motion. Twenty-fourth: After twenty-three the knife is left in the ground. Then with the palm of the hand strike the knife ov rt handle a smart blow that will send it revolving ?gitiz?y?[C?o Boy Scouts for a yard, more or less, and cause it to stick in the ground wh ere it stops. This is called "ploughing the field." When a mi.? is made the next player takes his turn, and when the first player's turn comes again he must try the feat over that he failed to perform last. A good player will sometimes go through almost all the twenty-four motions without failing to make a "two finger," that is, a fair stick, each time; but it/s very unusual for any one to run the game out in one inning. This is the game in twenty-four motions; many boys play it double that number. ' Outdoor Athletic Standards The athletic standards given below are those which most boys ought to be able to attain. They are the result of the experience of several physical directors who have made a special study of athletics and physical work among boys. The rules governing the events are found in the official ha?d- book of the Athletic League of North America. These ruleS must be strictly adhered to.

• should not attempt this event

For merit badge a boy under ninety pounds must qualify in seven of the first nine events; a boy under one hundred and ten pounds must qualify in ten of the first twelve events; all others must qualify in their proper class in eleven oI the t?rteen ?vents.CHAPTR IX PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP B y W akgo H. $?r?n, A ? of "Civics -- Studie? in A r?riam Ci?izz?ztdp" OUR COUNTRY America is the home of social, religious, and political liberty -- "the land of the free ?nd the home of the brave." As a nation, we have always been rich in land, and for this reason millions of people have sought our shores. We have come into possession of our territory through treaty, purchase, and annexation. In speaking of our territorial area we usually speak of the "original territory" and "additions" to same. When we speak of "original territory" we mean that part of the United States which was ceded to us by Great Britain in the peace treaty of x783, at the dose of the War of the Revolution. This territory, in brief, is described as follows: East to the Atlantic Ocean, west to the Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes and Canada, and as far south as the northern line of Florida. We sometimes hear it spoken of as the territory of the "Thirteen Original States," meaning the states that formed the Government of the Constitution in x789. However ff we look at the map we shall see that the original territory includes not only the territory of the thirteen original states, but comprises also land out of which twelve other states have been formed. Looking at this area to-day, however, it seems a small part of our country compared with our present limits. Additions Louiziarm Purchase: What is known as the Louisiana Pur- chase we bought from France in x8o 3. It consisted of 875,o25 square miles, for which we paid $x5,ooo,ooo. It is described as follows: west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Moun- tains, north to Canada, and south to the Gulf of Mexico, ex- clusive of Texas. This is a territory greater than the present combined areas of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hunga?, and the Balkan states. 32, Google3z4 Boy Scouts Florida Purchase: In xSx9, we purchased Florida from Spafin at a cost of over $5,ooo,ooo, and thi_? single state is larger in territorial area than the combined territory of Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland. Texas: In x845, Texas came to us by annexation, but the outcome of this annexation later on was our war with Mexico. In territorial area this is an empire in itseft.--larger than the whole German Empire. Oregon Territory: In x846, by treaty with Great Brita/n, we acquired what is known as the Oregon Territory. This includes the states of Oregon, V?'ashington, and Idaho. Mexican Cession and Purcimse from Texas: As an outcome of the Mexican War, we obtained from Mexico, in z848, the territory of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of New Mexico at a cost of $x5,ooo,ooo; and in x85o, we pur- chased from Texas the remaining part of New Mexico and that part of Colorado not included in the Louisiana Purchase, at a cost of $zo,ooo,ooo. Godsden Purchase: In x853, we made what is known az the Gadsden Purchase, acquiring thus from Mexico a needed tract of land on the boundary between Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico, paying for this tract Alaska: In x867, we paid Ru?la $7,ooo,o0o, and ?Ided Alaska to our possessions. This purchase is spoken of in history as "Seward's Folly," because the transaction, made while he was secretary of state, was not generally considered a good bargain. Nevertheless it has proved one of our most valuable po?essious. Hawaii: In x898, we reached out into the Pacific waters and armexed the beautiful Hawaiian or S?ndwich Islands. Porto Rico, Pi?e Islands, Guam,' Philippine IslamIs: In x898, the island of Porto Rico with an area of 36eo square miles came into our possession as an outcome of the Spanish-American War; likewise the Pine Islands with their 882 square miles; Guam with x75 square miles; and the Philippine Islands with a territorial area of x45,ooo square milcs. But for these latter in settlement of a number of private claims, and to gain peaceable possession of various public lands, we paid Spain $20,0007000. Samoan Islands: In z899 , we acquired the Samoan Islands, with an area of 73 square miles; and, in x9ox, some additional islands in the Philippines.Patriotism and Citizenship 3z5 Land Settlements The first permanent English settlements in America were made at Jamestown, Va., in x6o7, and at Plymouth, Ma?., in x62o; and from these two settlements we may trace in large part the growth, character, and development of our national life. The sWry of the "Pilgrim Fathers" in Mass?w. husetts has been Wld for generations in literature and in song, and can never cease to be of ronmntic and thrilling interest. The story of the settlement and dispersal of other nationali- ties in America -- the Swedes in Delawaxe, the Dutch in New York, the Spanish and French in Florida and along the b?nk? of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers- all this is summed up in what is known as "colonial history." In x763, at the dose of the French ?nd Indian wars, England had come into possession of practically all the territory east of the Mississippi- that territory which was ceded in x783 as the original territory of the United States. You will sometimes hear it said that th/rteen is an unlucky number. Indeed you may have known people so superstitious that they refuse to dt down at a table when the number is thirteen. Again you may know it to be a fact that some hotels do not have a room numbered thirteen, and that rrm.ny steam- boats l/kewise follow the same custom in state-room arranse- menL Strange superstition for Americansl It took thirteen states to make our Union; we have made thirteen additions to our territory; when George Washington was inaugamted as president, a salute of thirteen guns was fired; and, finally, the foundation of the flag of our country bears thirteen stripe? The American Revolution The story of the American Revolution (?775-x783) ? Dec- laration of Independence (x776), the adoption of the Articles of Confederation (x78Q, and, finally, the making and adoption of the Constitution oI the United States in ?789 -- all is summed up in a period of fourteen years, and may be told and written in the life of George Washington, who was indeed the "Father of His Country." The cause of the.American Revolution was England's op- presdou of her American colonists; and the injustice of taxstian without representation, with other injustices, finally brought about rebellion. The war began in Mas?chusetts with the batfi? of Lexington and Concord, April x9, x775, and ended at Yorktown, Va., October x9, x78L The treaty?,?j?e?'?)?,?326 Boy Scouts signod at Paris, .France, September 3, x785, and November 55 of that yeax, known in history as "Evacuation Day," the British took their departure down the bay of New York

harbor and America was free. 

Now do we find ourselves at the fireside of American pa~ triotism. Here is Washington. He is ? V'n?n?n, and the American people know him at this time as Colonel Washington. It is the x3th day of June, x775, and the second Continental Congress is in session at Philadelphia. John Adams of Massachusetts has the ttoor. He is to show hlm.?If at this time the master statesman. Justly has he been called the "Colossus of the Revolution." On his way to Independence Hall this morning he meets his cousin, Samuel Adams, and tells him what he is going to do. "We must," he says, "act on this matter at once. We must make Congress declare for or against something. I'll tell you what I am going to do. I am determined this very morning to make a direct motion that Congress shall adopt the army before Boston, and appoint the Virglni?n, Colonel Washington, commander of' it." Acl?m.? is now stating to the Congress the gravity of the situation; he points out the necessity of immediate action- the colonies must be united, the army must be brought together, disciplined, and trained for service, and, under Congress, a fitting commander appointed. "Such a gentleman," he said, "I have in mind. I mention no names, but every gentleman here knows him at once as a brave soldier and a man of affairs. He .is a gentleman from Virginia, one of this body, and well known to all of us. He is a gentleman of skill and excellent universal character and would command the approbation of all the colonies better than any other person in the Union." George Washington is in the hall. The eyes of all Congress have turned toward him. He is surprised, con- fu?d, and embarrassed, leaves his seat and hurries into Congress spent two days considering Adams's motion, for there were other men who h?d hoped for the appointment; but finally, on the ?$th of June, ?775, a ballot was taken, and Wa-?hington was unanimously elected commander~in-chief of the Continental Army. On July 5, x775, he took command of the army at Cam- bridge, Mass., and March ?7, x776, the British were expelled from Boston. ?d byGOO?[CPatriotism and Citizenship 327 We now come to the Declaration of Independence, July 4, x776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson, at that time a young man of thirty-three. The committee of the General Congress appointed to draft it, consisted of the following: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. The strong feeling of Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the Declaration is indicated by his statement that, "Rather than submit to the right of leg/slating for us assumed by the British Parliament, I would lend my hand to .4nlt the whole island in the ocean." Here also we get a glimpse of one of the most interesting and delightful characters in the history of this period mBenj?m?n Frsnldln_ History rec0x?k?. that while Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Indepehdence, a few verbal suggestions were made by Doctor Franldi% as the fol- lowing conversation reported to have taken place between them would indicate: "Well, Brother Jefferson," said Frank- [in, "is the fair copy made?" "All ready, doctor," replied Jefferson. "Will you hear it through once more?" "As many times as you wish," responded the smiling doctor, with a merry twinlrle in his eyes. "One can't get too much of good thing, you know." Jefferson then read to Franklin the Declaration of Independence, which has been pronounced one of the world's greatest papers. "That's good, Thomasl That's right to the point! That will make King George wince. I wish I had done it myself." It is said Fr?nldin would "have pqt a joke into the Declaration of Independence, if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal do?unent." The Declaration of Independence went forth to the world signed by one man, John H?ncock --which explains the ex- pression you sometimes hear, "Put your John Hancock there." It was, however, signed later by all the members of that Congress --fifty-four in number. This immortal document has been carefully preserved and the original may be seen at Washington. The Declaration was a notice to Great Britain and to all the world t]mt the Ameri? colonists would no longer be subject to Great Britain; that henceforth they were to be a free and independent people, holding Great Britain as they held the rest of mankind, "enemies in war --in peace friends." This Declaral-?on marks the birth of our nation. Our government fathers fully realized the step they were t?lclng. They knew it meant a final breaking with the home government of England, but- "with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence," in support of this Z]?clam- Digitized by ?O(?V[C3z8 Boy Scouts tion, they pledged to each other "their lives, their tottunes and their sacred honor." Following the expulsion of the British from Boston, the battle field of the Revolution changes to New York, moving to Harlem Heights and White plains; then to New Jersey; Trenton, and Princeton; then to Pennsylvania; Brandywine, Westchester, Germantown, Valley Forge, and on to Monmouth. But here let us pause? It has been a terrible winter at Valley Forge. While the British at Philadelphia, twenty miles away., have been Hving in luxury, our Wa-?hington and his 'men have suffered bitterly with hunger and cold; and out of a Hst of eleven thousami men, three thousand at Valley .Forge lay sick at one time. But at last the spring has come and Washing- ton has now been nearly three years in scrvice? IAstenl The order has gone forthi At to:3 o o'clock comes the signal, and the firing of a cannon sees all men under armsl At xx:3o o'clock the second signal is given and the march begira. It is May 7, x778, and Washington is assembling his mere Great news has come and it is fitting to return thanks to Divine Providence -- ao reads hla proclamation. Now comes the third signal, the firing of thirteen cannon! Another signall and the whole army breaks into a loud huzza -- "Long Hve the King of Francel"followedbyarunaing f?re of gu?. On this same day in the afternoon, Washington gives a banquet to his officers, aides, and guests, to which they march arm-in-arm, thirteen abreast. What does it ?ean? It means that Benjamin Franl?iln has been heard from, and that an alliance with France, England's bitterest enemy, has been made. Some day when you are in Washington, you may sec directly in front of the White House, Lafayette Park, and, knowing the story of the Revolution, you understand why it is there. You also understand why Washington 's army on that May morning shouted, "Long Hve the King Of France." But it is not our purpose here to tell the whole story: we can only touch the high points. Again the army moves to White Plains and on to Middlebrook and lqew Windsor; and Washing-

ton spends the winter (?78x) at Morristown, N.J. The end 

is approaching. He joins Lafayette at Yorktown, Va., and on October xOth, Cornwailla? the Briti_eh general, antrenders to George Washington, commander-in-chief ,of the American Army. Thus the conflict begun in one English settlement is ended in the other. Massachusetts marks the beginning and Virginia the ending of the War of the Reyalution,Patriotism and Citizenship The War of 181?-1815 The War of xSx2 was a naval war. It was a battle for fights- the rights of our sailors, the rights of our commerce. American ships and cargoes were being confi-qcated. France and England and the Barbary pirates were engaged in a profitable war on our commerce, and last but not least twenty thousand American seamen had been pressed into service and were slaves on slaips that were foreign, England especially claiming the right to search American ships and press into service all men found on board who were English by birth, though American by choice and adoption. "Once a subject always a subject," said Great Britain, but our answer in ?8?2 was as it is now: any foreigner alter five years' residence within our territory, who has complied with our naturalization laws and taken the oath of allegiance to our flag, becomes one of our citizens as completely as ff he were native born. This war is sometimes spoken of as a "leadedess war,'; but great leaders came out of it. The names of Hull, Perry, and Lawrence are memorable in its history; it was the war which maxte Andrew Jac -kson, known as "Old Hickory," ?resid,nt of the United States in x828. You will read the story of ki8 great victory in the Battle of New Orleans. Some day you will read the life story of David Glasgow Farragut of whom it is said that, with the exception of Nelson, the great English admiral, "he was as great an admiral as ever sailed the broad or narrow seas." Although the great work of Farmgut was in the Civil War, the story of ki8 life began in the War of xSxz when he was but ten years old. Admiral Farragut is reported as giving this explanation, in the late years of his life, of his success in the service of his country "It was all owing to a resolution that I formed when I was ten years old. My father was sent to New Orleans with the little navy we had, to look after the treason of Burr. I ac- companied him as cabin-boy. I had some qualifies that I thought made a man of me. I could swear llke an old salt,. could drink as stiff a glass of grog as if I had doubled Cape Horn, and could smoke like a locomotive. I was great at cards, and was fond of gambling in every shape. At the close of dinner one day, my father turned everybody out of the cabin, locked the door, and said to me: "'David, what do you mean to be?' "'I mean to follow the sea,' I said.330 Boy Scouts "'Follow the seal' exclaimed my father; 'yes, be a poor, miserable, drunken sailor before the m?-?t, kicked and cufi? about the world, and die in some fever hospital in a foreign clime?' "'No, father,' I replied, 'I will tread the quarter-deck, and command as you do!' "'No, David; no boy ever trod the quarter-deck with such principles as you have, and such habits as you exlu'bit. You will have to change your whole course of life if you ever become "My father left me and went on deck. I was stunned by the rebuke, and overwhelmed with mortification. 'A poor, miser- able, drunken sailor before the mast, kicked and cuffed about the world, and die in some fever hospitalU That's my fate is it? I'll change my life, and I will change it at once? I will never utter another oath, never drink another drop of intoxi- cating liquor, never gamble, and as God is my witness I have kept these three vows to this hour." The Star Spangled Banner The sun is slowly sinking in the west. The men of the army and navy are drawn up at attention. At every fort, army post, and navy yard, and on every American battle-ship at 'home or abroad, the flag of our country is flying at full masL The sunset gun will soon be fired, and night will follow the day as darkness follows the light. All is ready, the signal is given, the men salute, and the flag to the band's accompaniment of "The Star Spangled Banner" slowly descends for the night to be folded and kept for the morning's hoisting. "And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free ?s the home of the brave." In the cemetery of Mr. Olivet, near Frederick, Md., there is a spot where the flag of our country is never lowered. It is keeping watch by night as by day over the grave of Francis Scott Key, author of "The Star Spangled Banner." He was born in Frederick County, Md., August x, x779, and died in Baltimore, January xx, x843. The Congress of the United States has never formally adopted "The Star Spangled Banner" as anthem, but it has become such through t]? recqgn/tion Digitized by ?,?008 [CPatriotism and Citizenship 33 ? given to it by the army and navy. It is played on all state occasions at home or abroad and is the response oI our

bands at all international gatherings. In the theatre, at a 

public meeting, or at a banquet- whenever it is played, the people rise and remain standing to the end as a tribute to the flag of our country. The poem itself is descriptive of what the author saw and felt on the 'night of September x3, xSx4, as he watched the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British during the War of xSx?. The city of Washington had been sacked, bombarded, and burned by the British, and now in their march of de- struction, they were bombarding the fort to gain entrance to Baltimore's harbor, in which city they had putposed to spend the winter. We can well imagine the joy of Key's heart, the son of a Revolutionary patriot, held in custody on a British battle-ship, to'see in the morning "that our flag was still there," and to know, therefore, that there was still hope for our country. "Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto, 'In God is our Trust'." The Birth of New States The history of the fifty-six years between x789 and z845 is marked by the development of new states formed out of the territorial settlement of the wqlderness. The people of our country have always been pioneering, going ahead of civiliza- tion, so to speak, but always taking it with them. Scouts they have been in every sense of the word. Following the rivers, clearing the forests, fording the streams, braving the dangers, living the wild life --brave men and women! The first state to come into the Union of the thirteen original states was Vermont, the "Green Mountain" state (x79x); next came Kentucky (x792), the "Blue Grass" state, the home of Daniel Boone, the great hunter and pioneer. Four years later, (x796) came Tennessee, the "Volunteer" state, receiving this name bcause of its large number of volunteer soldiers for the Seminole war and the War of xSx 2; next comes Ohio (x8o3) , the "Buckeye," so called because of the large number of buckeye trees, the nut of which bears some resemblance to a buck's eye. This is the first state to be formed out of the public domain, known at this time as the "Northwest._.Territqry." The land ordinance bill of x785 and the homes?(/?l?6a332 Boy Scouts relate to the development and settlement of the public the first being a plan of survey applied to all public 'lands owned by the United States government; the other being a law by which the possession of these lands was made poss?%le to settlers. Following Ohio inW the Union came Lonisia?a(18?2), the "Creole" state whose people were descendants of the original French and Spanish settlers. This was the first state to be formed west of the Mississ!p?pi., and New Orleans, its chief city, known as the "Crescent City," is one of the oldest in our country and full of historic interest. After the War of x8x 2 the new states began to come in rapidly. The admission of Indiana (?8?6), "The Hoosier"; Mississippi (?8z7) , the "Bayou"; Illinois, the "Prairie" (?8x8); Alabama (?8z9) , the "Cotton," show that the pioneer settlements of our people had been closing in along the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. We now go back to the far East, for the state of Maine, our "Pine Tree" state, has now been developed, and its admission (?82o) completes the coast line o! states as far south as Georgia. The next state admitted is Missouri (x82x), the "Iron," fol- lowed by Arkansas, the,j'Be.?//(x?St?,) , to be f,,ollo?vea in turn by Michigan (x836),the Lake or 'Wolverine state, the thir- teenth state to be admitted; and the stars in our flag are now doubled. The first census of the United States was t?ken in x79o, and the Constitution provided that it must be taken every ten years thereafter. In that year, the order of states in rank of population was as follows: Virginia first, Pennsylvania second, North Carolina third, Massachusetts fourth, and New York fifth. The census of ?82o makes a derided change, we find, in the order of population, and New York comes first, Virginia second, Pennsylvania third, North Carolina fourth, Ohio fifth, Kentucky sixth, and Massachusetts seventh. The states of Florida and Texas came into the Union in the same year- the one March 3 and the other December x84?; and thereby h?mgs a tale. It had been claimed by our government that Texas was included in the Louisiana Pur- chase of :8o$; but the Mexicans claimed it also, and,.in xSz9, in order to close the deal for the purchase of Florida, our government was obliged to relinquish its cl?trn to Texas. At this time the.possession of Florida was more ,'.e?irable and necessary to the peace of o?eo?yO? thePatriotism and Citizenship 333 possession of Texas; it was under Spanish rule, overrun with outlaws and a most undesirable neighbor, besides being very necessary to the rounding out of our coast territory. Tho M?xican War 'The annexation and ad .mi_?ion of Texas into the Union in x845 came about through the pioneering and settlement of our people in her territory; where at ?irst welcomed and encour- aged by the Mexicans, they were later deluged in blood. The spirit of Americanism grew rampant under the barbaric and military despotism of the Mexican government, and in x835 there was ?n uprising of the settlers led by a pioneer, an ex- governor of Tennessee, Gen. Samuel Houston, the man for whom the city of Houston, Texas, was named. At .this time there were about ten thousand Americans in Texas, and on March e, x836, through their representatives in convention assembled, these Americans in true Revolutionary spirit declared Texas an independent republic. The Mexican government tried to put down this rebellion, but met with a crushing defeat, and Texas, the "Lone Star" state, reruninked an independent re- public up to the time of her annexation and admission as a state of the Union. The cause of the wax with Mexico, then, was her resentment because Texas began to move for annexation to the United States. The fact that Texas Ired been for many years an in- dependent republic and been so recognized by the United States, Great BritaLu, France, and some smaller countries, gave Texas the right on her part to ask for annexation, and the United States the right to annex her. But in order to bring Texas into the Union and s?ve her people from the Mexicans, the United States was obliged to declare wax against Mexico. This she did May x3, x845, ?Ithough Texas was not axlmltted as a state until December 29th of that year. The wax lasted nearly three years, peace being declared February 2, x848. As an outcome of the war the peaceful possession of Texas was sectired, and also possession of the territory of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of Colorado a?d New Mexico, for which territory, however, our government in final settlement paid Mexico, $x 5,ooo,ooo. New States-- 184S - 1861 During the Mexican War, Iowa (x846),the "Hawkeye" state, came into the Union, followed by the state of Wiscons, i? (x84?), Digitized by ?OOg [C334 Boy Scouts the "Badger." Next comes the story of the "Forty-niners," and California (x85o), the "Golden State," enters the Union; and then comes Minnesota (x858), the "North Star" State, and the Great Lakes are walled in, this state completing the circuit. Oregon, (x 859),the" Beaver" follows, then the" Garden of the West," Kansas (x86x), and the Civil War is upon us. O? course, we do not mean to say that Kansas was the cause of the Civil War, although it had much to do with it. The Civil War-- 1861 = 1865 The Civil War was a war between states, in the government of the United States- between states that were slave and states that were free. The rights of property ownership are involved in state rights, and slaves held as property in slave-holding states were not recognized as such in states that were free. Therefore, the principle of slavery became involved not alone in the in- dividu?l ownership of slaves, but also in the rights of a state, and the relationship of states to each other in the government of the United States. At the close of the Revolutionary War, one of the first things to be settled was the boundaries as between states of the land comprising the thirteen original states; and as an outcome of this settlement, there came into possession of the United States all of that territory ceded by Great Britain in x783, which was not included in the boundaries of those states. This territory, in brief, may be described as the territory east of the Mississippi, and north and south of the Ohio River; and out of tl?.? terri- tory and that west of the Mississippi added later (?8o3) through the Louisiana Purchase, most of the new states were formed that came into the Union before the Civil War. And this was the beginning of what is known as the "public domain" --that is, land owned by the Federal Government. In i785, Congress passed a law which has become general in its application to all public lands of the United States. It is a law for the uniform survey of public lands into townships six miles square, subdivided into sections containing 64o acres, and quarter sections containing ?6o acres. The purpose of the government in making th? survey was to m?ke public lands in the territories of the government easy of settlement, and as the townships became settled, to develop in them the local town- ship form of government.Patriotism and Citizenship 335 The ter?tory north of the Ohio River was designated the "Northwest Territory." As soon as the public lands in this territory were thrown open to settlers, they began to pour in. Illdeed, ill m?ny illstances, they went ahead of the survey. The next step taken by Congress was to pass a law, in x787, for the government and protection of those settlers in this Northwest Territory, and in this law Congress made provision that slavery should be prohibited. Therefore, states formed in this territory had to come into the Union as free states. This was a restriction of slavery, however, which did not apply to the territory south of the Ohio, nor west of the M'msissippi; so that when a new state came into the Union, formed out of either one of these territoMes, it became a great political factor in our government either for or against 'slavery.- In the passing of the years, many changes were t?ldng place in our government, but there came a time when the people began to realize that slavery was spreading and that our government was politically divided between states that were slave and states that were free w or, in other words, that in the principle of slavery the peace and preservation of the Union were involved. And thus it happened that the slave-holding states, not being able to Hve at peace in the Union, decided to go out of it, and live by themselves. The right of a state to leave the Union was called "the right of secession" --a right which the North held did not exist under the Constitution. Nevertheless, one by one, under the leadership of South Caro- !in% December so, x86o, the slave-holding states announced their secession, either by act of state legislature or in conven- tion assembled; and on February 4, x86x, there had been formed in our government a Southern confederency. At this time the whole number of states in the Union was thirty-two, and of this number eleven entered the Southern confederacy.

The first shot was fired by the Southern confederacy on

April x2, x86x, against Fort Sumter, a fortification of the Federal Government over which floated the stars and stripes. The war lasted four years, ending on April 9, x865, when Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chid of the army of the Southern con- federacy, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, commander-in-chief of the Federal army. Abraham Lincoln The central figure in the Civil War is Abraham Lincoln--in heart, brain, and character, not only one of our greatest Ameri- .cans, but one of the world's greatest men. ,Google Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents had come to this then pioneer state from Virginia, and his grandfather, whose Christian name he bore, moved there as early as 1781 , where, a few years later, he was killed by the Indians while trying to make a home in the forest. When Lincoln was eight years old, his people moved to the new state of Indiana about the time it came into the Union, and there he lived until he was twenty-one, when he went to Illinois, from which state, eventually, he was elected President.

In 1859 , when he was beginning to gain some recognition as a national figure, he was asked to write a little sketch of his life, and in the letter enclosing it he said: “There is not much of it, for the reason, I suppose, there is not much of me.” In this sketch, which is indeed brief, he tells us he was raised to farm work until he was twenty-two; that up to that time he had had little education; and when he became of age he did not know much beyond reading, writing, and ciphering to the “rule of three.” He clerked for one year in a store and was elected and served as captain of the volunteers in the Black Hawk War; later on he ran for the state legislature (1832) and was defeated, though successful in the three succeeding elections. While in the state legislature, he studied law and later went to Springfield to practise it. The only other public once he makes note of is his election to the lower house of Congress for one term (1846). He returned to Springfield and took up more earnestly the study and practice of law; he entered with spirit into the political campaigns, and constantly was growing in public esteem. His public debates with Douglas (1858) made him a familiar figure throughout the state of Illinois, and his profound knowledge and masterful handling of questions debated, his convincing and unanswerable arguments, his clear grasp of the political situation, began to gain the attention of Eastern politicians, convincing them and the country at large that they bad a mighty force to reckon with in the prairie state of Illinois.

Although he lost the election to the United States Senate, and Douglas won, the campaign had pushed him to the front as a national figure, and paved the way for his presidential nomination.

In 1860, at the Republican convention assembled in Chicago, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President. In November he was elected and March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His address at this time was an earnest plea for peace and fiendshipbetween the North and the South: “We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. Though pass/on may have strained, it must not break our bond of affection.”

But the war tide was rising and could not be stemmed; four years o bitter conflict ensued. Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves was made only after he had convinced himself it could not be longer deferred and preserve the Union. “My paramount duty,” he said, “is to save the Union, and not either to destroy or save slavery. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would save the Union.” His Emancipation Proclamation, officially freeing the slaves, was finally issued in September, 1862, to take effect Jan, 1st of the following year.

Lincoln was elected to the Presidency for the second term and inaugurated March 4, 1865, while the war was still on. His second inaugural address closes with these words with which every boy should be familiar, voicing as they do the exalted spirit of a great and good man:

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the. battle, and for his widow and for his orphan; to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations.

The war ended on April 9th of this same year, and on April 14th, the President, weary with the cares of state, but with the burden of the war clouds lifted, has gone to Ford's Theatre in Washington for an evening's enterainment and pleasure, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln. The box which the President occupied had been most elaborately decorated with the flag of the country. His coming had been heralded abroad and the audience that had assembled in his honor was large, brilliant, and joyously happy over the assured preservation of the Union. In the midst of the play, the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, entered the box and fired the fatal shot. The body of the bleeding President was taken to a house across the street where the next morning at 7:20 o'clock he died. Thus the emancipator of the slave, the friend of the whole people and the savior of our country died, a martyr to the cause of freedom.

Washington has been called “the aristocrat,” and Lincoln “the man of the people.” The one had culture, wealth, and social position; the other lacked all of these in his early years. Lincoln's early life was cradled in the woods, and all of life out of doors had been his in the new and pioneer states of the338 Boy Scouts wilderness. He grew up not knowing many people, but some- how in his up-coming there was developed in his life a great heart full of tenderness and kindly feeling. Doubtless it was the very hardships of life that made him what he was. At auy rate, he was one of the greatest and noblest figures in all history. He was called "Honest Abe" by those who knew him because always, even in little things, he wanted to see perfect justice done; and thus it was, when he came to things of large impor- tance, that the man was only a boy grown tall, not only in stature but in the things that make for righteousness in a nation. The Spanish-American War--1898 The war with Spain was not of this country's seeking. The island of Cuba, whose distress had amused the sympathy the whole world, was our near neighbor, and to sit idly by and witness the inhuman treatment practised by the Spanish soldiery upon the helpless islanders would hardly be a part creditable to any people. It was not our intention at first to do other than to relieve the suffering and distress of Cuba, near at hand, and fh? we tried to do peaceably in the supplying of food and other necessities of life. As the next step, the United States sent a remonstrance to Spain telling her she should send a more humane governor to the island. But as matters grew worse instead of better, even under a change of governors, the sympathy of the United States became daily more deeply enlisted in the /reedore of the Cubans. The battle%hip Maine was sent to Havana Harbor to pro- tect, if need be, the Americ?_n.? and American interests in Cuba. On the night of February xSth , x898 , an explodon occurred, sinking the ship almost immediately. With the destruction of the Maine- wbethcr by accident or intent -- with the appalling loss of two hundred and fifty- six men, including two officers, relations with Spain became more and more strained, until war seemed inevitable. ' On April x898, President McKinley in a special message to Congress, said: "In the name of humanity and civilization, the wax in Cuba must stop." War indeed was formally dealaxed April 2$th, and in the bdef space of one hundred and fourteen days history had added to its annals: the blockading of Cuban ports whereby the Spanish ficct was trapped; the invasion and siege of the island by United States regulars, volunteers. and wugk?'iders; the Digitized by g?g(? L?.?.Patriotism and Citizenship 339 destruction of the Padtic Spanish fleet in Manila Bay by Admiral Dewey; and, finally, the destruction of the remainder of the Spanhh fleet under command of Admiral Cervera, Sun- day morning, July 3 d. The final outcome of this war was the freedom of Cuba and the possession by the United States of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Peace There is no country in the world less warlike than ours, and ?o country in the world that more potently argues for universal peace. We have never departed from the spirit of our Dedar- ation of Independence, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." We put it into our Constitution when we said, "in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquilllty, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" we "do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Such has been, then, and always must be, our programme- the chart and compass of all our ways. The American Flag "A stax [or every s?ate and a state for every star." The flag of one's country is its dearest possession -- emblem of home, and country, and native land. This is what one thinks and feels when he sees the flag, and this is what it me?n-?: Our flag is the emblem of h'berty- the emblem of hope- the emblem of peace and good-will toward men. There is a story, quite gendra!ly believed, that the first flag was planned and made in i776 by Betsy Ross, who kept an upholstery shop on Arch Street, Philadelphia, and that this, a year later, was adopted by Congress. The special committee appointed to design a national flag consisted of George Wash- ington, Robert Morris, and Col. George Ross, uncle of the late husband of Betsy Ross. The star that the committee decided upon had six points, but Mrs. Ross advised the five-pohted star, which has ever since been used in the United States flag. The flag thus designed was colored by a local artist, and from this colored copy Betsy Ross made the first American flag. When Washington was in command at Cambridge, in January, x776, the flag used by him consisted of a balmer of340 Boy Scouts thirteen red and white stripes with the Brit.'? Unio?a Jack in the upper left.hand comer. The Betsy Ross house has been purchased by the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association, and is pointed out as one of the interesting historical places in Philadelphia. The official history of our flag begins on June z4, x???, when the American Congress adopted the following resolution pro- posed by John Adams: R?solved; That the riss of the tl?te?n U?ited Ststes b? ?bL,?m stripes, alterl?te red a?d white: that the Union be thirteen.stars, white oa a bluo field, representing a new constellation. "We take," said Washington, "the star from Heareft, the red from ou? mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white s?ripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty." In designing the flag there was much discussion as to the arrangement of the stars in the field of blue. It was thought at one time that a new stripe as well as a new star should he added for each new state a?m?ttod to the Union. Indeed, in x794, Congress passed an act to tho effect that on mad after May x, 5795, "the flag of the United State? be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; and tlmt the union be fiftee? stars, white in a field of blue. These additional stars and stripes were for the states of Vermont and Kentucky. The irapracticability of adding a stripe for each state was apparent as other states began to be admitted. Moreover, the flag of fifteen stripes, it was thought,' did nQt properly represent the Union; therefore, on April ?4, xSx8, ?.er a period of twenty- one years in which the flag of fifteen stripes had been used, Congress passed an act which fin_ally fixed the general flag of our country, which reads as follows: An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States. Sec. ?. Be it enacted, etc., That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United Stat?s be ?chlrteen !?orlzontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twefity stars, white in a blue field. Sec. ?. Be it further enacted, that, on the admission of every new state into the union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall take effect ou the fourth day of July succeeding such admission. l?!ag Day June ?4th, the .anniversary of the adoption of the flag, is celebrated as flag day' in many of our states. ? ?OOg[CPatriotism and :Citizenship 34? In order to show proper respect for the fiag? the following mles should be observed: It should not be ho/sted befo? ?m?r? nor allowed to r?m?h? up after At "l?t," s?mset, ? ? shotfid ? at atten? ?d g/re th? milluh-y ?dute. When the lmtiooal coio? ? pau? o? pa?de or review, the spec?tols should, i/ w?llrin?, halt, sad tf ?ttti? ? and stand at attentio? ?nci u?cOver. When the flag is flown at ? ?ff ? ? ? o! moumi? It shodd be hoisted t? full sta? at the conclu? of the funeral. In pl?dng the flag at half mast, it should f? be ? ? tim top o/ the staff and I_owe?l to position, and p?Imlwry W lowering from hal/st? it On Memorial I?y, May ?ot?, t? ? ?umld fly ?t !?1/m/?/ram ?o (Taken from the "Sons oi the Revolution," sta?e d New York.) The Scout's Plodg? to the "I .ple?.?, a..11egiam? to my ? smt_ ? the republic ior which it on? mtio? i?di?'ble, with liberty and lustice tot alL" The Congress of the Unit ed States is its law-makln body, and is composed of the Sempe and House of Representatives. Senators are elected for six year?, two from each state; repre- sentatives for two yesxs, each state being represented in t?ro- portion to its population. The Vice-president of the United States is the president of the Senate, and the presiding officer of the House of Representatives is chosen by the members from their number; he? called the speaker. The salaxy of the senators and representativesis$7,$oo a year and ?o cents pot mile is allowed for travel(n E to a?d from Washington. The spezker's salary is $x2,ooo a year. 3'be P?esident The President is elected for a term oi tour years. He liv? du?ng his term of office at the Wtfite House, where presidential rec?ptious and sodal affa/rs of state are held. The Pres/a?t's o? are connect? with the White House. Here he receives his eal.? and here the meet/n? of his Cabinet are held. The salary of the President is $?$?o, a year. The Cabinet The membez? o/the. Cal?et are the officers and h?ad? th? several depa?ent? of the34a . Boy Scouts They are appointed by the President with the advice and con- sentof the Senate. The members of the Cabinet are as follows: secretary of state, sec. retary of the treasury, secretary of war, attorney general, pogtmaster general, secretary.Of the navy, secretary of the interior, secretary iof,agriculture, secretaxy of commerce and labor. The members of the 'Cabinet are such men as the President believes are qualified to serve during his aximln;gtration of office, and are usually members of the same politieal party as the President. United States Courts The Supreme Court of the United States is at W?hlngton, D.C., hut there are other courts of the United States held in the several states, called d/strict courts. Washington, D. (?. The capitol at Washington is the home of Congress, and the Supreme Court. The Library of Congress, the Treasury, Army and Navy, Pension, Post-office, and many other buildings of public character are located in Washington. These during certain hours are open to visitors. The Army The President, in accordance with the Constitution, is com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States and of the millti? of the several states when called to the actual service of the United States. The law Provides that the total strength of the army shall not exceed at any one time xoo,ooo. As now organized (x9xo) the total strength of the staff and line is 76,9xx not inducting the provlsionalforce and the hospital corps These figures. include the Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, the Service School Detachments, the Military Academy (officers, soldiers and cadets), the Indian Scouts, $3,ooo native scouts in the Philippine Islands, x93 First Lieu- tenants of the Medical Reserve Corps on active duty, and xI,777 recruits, etc. They do not include the veterinary surgeons, the officers of the Medical Reserve Corps not on active duty, nor the retired officers and enlisted men of the army. The appropriation for the maintenance of the army for the year x0oq-?o was $xoo,33o, xSx. Militia The law of our country states that in time of war every able- l?iied male citizen, between the ages 9i?ig?0?c?orty-frve,Patriotism and Citizenship 343 shall be counted a member of the state militia? The state militia is divided into two classes: one, the organized, known as the national guard; and the other the unorganiv?d, kllown as the reserve militia. The membership of the national guard is voluntary. One may join or not, as he chooses, except that in some states the law requires that students at the state university shall receive military training for at least a part of their university course, and during that time they are accounted a part of the national guard of the State. The governor of each state holds the same relationship to the state militia as the President to the army and navy: he is commander-in-chief. Military Ac. adamy The Llnited States Military Academy is at West Point, N.Y., on the Hudson River. The number of students is limited to $33, and appointments to the academy are made in accordance with the rule which permits each United States senator and each congressman to have one representative, and also gives the President the right to make forty appointments at large. Candidates for appointment must be between the ages of seventeen and twenty-two; must pass the required physical examination; also an examinatix)n il? English granmmr, com- position and literature, algebra and geometry, geography and history. The course of instruction is four years; the discipline very strict. Only one leave of absence is granted during the entire four years, and' this comes at the dose of the second year. The p?y is $7o9.5o per year, and on graduation a cadet is com- missioned a second lieutenant. To receive an appointment to West Point, one must apply to his United States senator or to a congressman in the statein which he lives, or to the President. The Navy The enlisted strength of the navy, as in the army, is limited. The law allows 47,5oo men and apprenticed seamen. The number of officers and enlisted men at the present time is 46,898 , and the annual expenditure for the support of the navy at this date (x9xx) is about $x3o,ooo,ooo. Naval Enlistment The enlistment of men in the United States navy, as in the army, is voluntary. The term is four years. To be digible for enlistment one must be between the ages of eightee?rt and, vigitiz?d by kaoo?[c344 Boy Scouts twenty-two. He must be of good moral character, must pass the physical examination, must be able to write English, and take the oath of allegiance. Naval Militia In the District of Columbia and in twenty of the states we have what is known as the naval militia. The assistsat secre- taxy of the navy stands in a special relation to the naval militia through the governor and the adjutant-general of the several states. The naval militia holds the same relation- ship to the navy that the national guard does to the United States army. Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md. The students axe called midshipmen, and candidates for ap- pointment must be between the ages of 'sixteen and twenty. The appointment of candidates is made as at West Point- through senators and congressmen and the President, the only difference being in the number of appointments that may be made: each senator and representative may be represented by two midshipmen at Annapolis, while at West Point he is rep- x?sented by but one cadet. The President has the appoint? ment of seven men to the Naval Academy ? two from the District of Columbia and five from the United States at large. He may also appoint one from Porto Rico, who must be a n?tive. The midshipmen's course is six years- four at Annapolis, and two at sea. The pay is $?oo per year. Civil Service In the administration of the government of the United States, thousands of men and women axe employed in the various offices at W?-?hington, and axe sometimes termed the great "peace In one period of our country's history, it was believed that each President, when he came into office, had the right to turn out of office every person employed by the government in any of its dvil departments, should it please him to do so, and to put into office trls own friends or the/r/ends of kis party. This right was claimed on the ground that "to the victor belong the sixdis" --a theory of government administration that has been severely dealt with and reformed through what is known as the "Civil Service Act." The Civil Serviclr-Ag?,:sl? passed Digitized byPatriotism and Citizenship 345 by Congress January x6, x883, and by thiz act advil service commi-o?ion WaS brought into existence. The three members of this commission axe appointed by the President with co of the Senate, not more than two of whom may be members of the same party. Thus, by this civil service act, positions in the government sexvice are now obtained for the most part through competitive examinations, and such positions are not affected in any way by the incoming of a new President or the appoint- ment of a new head of a department. In some states and in most of the large cities ci?51 service appointments are now made through competitive examina'dons. Any one interested. in learning what positions may be sootred in the service of the government, may apply to the Civil Service Cornm?ntion at Wash!ogton, D.C., or make inquiry at the local post-office. Foreign Service The foreign service of our government is carried on ? the diplomatic corps snd the consular service.. In the diplo- matic corps, we have amba?axiors, envoys, ministers, diplo- matic agents, and secretaries; in the consular service, com4ds general, consuls, and consular agents? Our diplomatic representatives abroad look after our interests as a nation in the family of natio? They represent us socially as well as politically in the great foreign capitals of the world. They are received as our representatives of state, and it is their duty to sustain and promote good-will and friendly feeling between us and other nations. The consular service is more directly responsible for our trade relationships in the great centres o the world. Through our foreign service, also, Americans abroad, whether as tourists, or residents, are protected in person and in property interests. Appointments to the foreign service are made by the President with the advice of the Senate. As we send our representatives abroad, so the countries to which our representatives go in turn send their representatbtes to us. In the city o WaShington, one may see representatives of all the principal nations of the earth living there as ambas- sadors, for the purpose of promoting friendly commercial and political relationships. The secretary of state is the representa- tive of our government through whose office the great workof the foreign service is directly carried on, and upon him devolves there- fore the great affairs of state relationships with other countries. When our independence as a nation was declared ? x77?t, it

vigitiz?d by k?OO? [C346 Boy Scouts 

was important to ga/n as quickly as possible from other nations a recognition of our independence and of our entrance into the family of nation? France was the first to give us recognition, and the first to enter into a treaty relationskip. Some of the most thrilling and interesting stories of our national life are to be found in the adventurous determination of our represen- tatives to gain the recognition of our independence as a nat/on from the great powers of the earth. The n?me cf ]?enjan?in Franklin, sent to the court of France s stands at the head of our diplomatic service; and we may read with interest of the first appearance of our diplomatic representative, 3ohn Adams, at the court of Great Britain. When we speak of court in th/s sense, we mean, of course, the klng's court -- the place of meeting -- usually the throne room. In our country, foreign represent- atives are received by the President at the White House, or by the secretary of state in his office apartments. Some foreign countries have bufit for their representatives in Washing- ton partial and beautiful residences, over which floats the flag of the country to which the palace or residence belongs. Our own country has ?lre?dy begun to m?ke th/s residential pro- v/sion for her representatives abroa?l, and in time will un- doubtediy own residences in all of the principal foreign capitals. State Oovernment The states of the United States are not all alike either in constitution or government, although there is a likeness at many points. For instance, each state has about the same officers, -- a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, adjutant general, superintendent of schools, etc. Each state has its own state legislature: a senate to which state senators are elected, and a house of representatives sometimes called the assembly, to which state representatives or assemblymen are electecL Each state legislature makes laws only for its own state; therefore not all state laws are alike. Indeed, there is a great deal of individuality to each state, and rightly so. As each person has his own individuality, and as each family has its own characteristics, so each state has an individuality and characteristics peculiar to itself. The history of each state reveals its character, so also the climate, the hills, the valleys, the mountains, the plains, the lakes, the rivers, the harbors, the schools, the colleges, the towns, the villages, and the cities within its borders, all help in forming the character of a state. ?g?t?z?dbyGO0?[Patriotism and Citizenship 347 Towns, Villages, and Cities The government of the town, or the village, or the city is called local government. It is government close at hand--home government. And out of the home government of each town, village, and city in a state must come, by the votes of the people at the ballot-box, the men whom they choose as their representa- tives in the government of the state and the nation -- for the people rule through representatives of thedr own choosing. Politics In every presidential election, the people, through the rule of the majority, as determined by the Constitution, elect their chief magistrate, the President, who becomes the "first dtizen" o the nation and is entitled "Mr. President." The people o a state by the same rule elect their chief' magistrate and entitle him "HIS Excellency, the Governor"; he is the state's chief or leading dtizen. The people of the city by the same rule edeet their chief magistrate and entitle him "His Honor, the Mayor," the edty's leaxting citizen. The people o the town, in the New England States, elect their chief officers -- three to five men--amd entitle them the "Selectmen"; although in towns of the middle and western states, they are called "Supervisors." So, likewise, the people in town, village, and dry by the same "rule of the majority" elect aldermen, councilmen, state senators, representatives or assemblymen, and congressmen. And the state legislatures in turn elect, according t? the Con- stitution of the United States, the state's United States senators, two in number. Thus, by the rule of the majority, are all officers of town, village, and city,' county and state elected, except such few as are appointed by law to offices by superior officers, heaxis of departments, bureaus, or districts of supervision or ad- ministration. Property The ownership of property, both real and personal, and the protection of that ownership, is made possible in the organiza- tion of society -- termed the government -- and in the power of that government to make and enforce its laws. Real property is the kind of property which pertains to land, the ownership of which is transferred from one person to another, either by a deed recorded in the office of the register of deeds in the county court house, or else transferred by descent, or by will Oaxough, the Digitized by ?,?00g [C348 Boy. Scouts administration of the county court, usually called the probate court. This latter proceeding is in the case of the owner's death when his property is divided by the court and distributed to the heirs -- the family or other relatives according to his will; or in case no will is left the law provides for the manner of its distfibution. The Register of Deeds: County Court House The record tifie, therefore, of all real property is to be found in the office of the register of deeds in the county court house. It makes no difference what kind of real property it/s, acre property or city property, here the title of ownership is always to be found, the books of record being always open to the public. Thus when one buys a piece of r?al property, a home for instance, he-should rece/ve from the owner a deed and an abstract of'tifie, which is a paper showing the title as it appears on the records, and thi? rifle when not vouched for as perfect by an abstract rifle company, should be passed upon by a lawyer in order that any flaw or defect therein may be made right before the deed /spassed from one owner to another. In some states, however, the law does not require the o?/aer to furnish an abstract. When the title/s proved or pronounced good? the deed shotfid at once be placed on record. Personal Prol?rty Personal property is that form of property which in general terms is stated as movable, such as axdmals, furniture, clothing, tools, implements, money, stocks, bonds, mortgages, etc., the transfer of which from one owner to another is not as a rule a n?tter of public record, although in the case of a bill of sale -- sometimes maAe of some forms of personal property- the county record may .give evidence thereof. Therefore it is, that in the matter of taxation, the tax record or assessment comes under two general heads --a tax on real property and a tax on personal property. Property and Oovernment It is desirable to be a property owner so long as the govern- ment under which one lives protects one in his property owner- ship. The government must do two things: it must protect the person and his personal rights as a citizen, and it must also protect property and the fights of property ownership from enemies within, as from w/thout. In order(t? may Digitized byPatriotism and Citizenship 349 be done and done in all fairness and justice, we elect some citizens to make laws and term them legislators. We elect others to en/orce or administer the laws, and term them executives--the President, the governor, and the mayor coming under this'he?d. We elect other citizens to enforce and interpret the laws, and we term them judges and officers of the court. In fact, it is aprinciple in our government that no man or set of men shall have authofity in all departments of government, legislative, executive, and judic/al. You will see that the Constitution of the United States is divided into these three departments of government, and the state constitu- tions and dty charters are, as a rule, likewise divided. You will understand that an), property you may obtain will be valuable to you only in proport/on as you are protected in your rights of ownership by the government, and that the government not only protects yourproperty, it also protects your life and its interest as well as the life and interests of all other citizens. The building and maintenance of schooh and colleges, libraries, art and natural history museums, parks, playgrounds, hospitals, etc., are carried on at the expense of the government by means of taxation, inasmuch as these things are in the interests of mankind and for its upbuilding. In the city 'the protection of life and property is found in one or the other of these different departments: police, fire, health, street cleaning, parks, water supply, etc.; and every good citizen should lend his hand to help in every way possible the enforce- ment of law in each department. Citizenship In any form of government, problems are continually arising as to the rights of property and the rights of persons, and it.is well for us to remember this distinction: that the end of society (and by that term we mean government) is not the protection of property, but rather the upbnilding of mankind. If we bear thi? in mind and act upon it as a principle in Life, we shall find ourselves standing and voting on the fight side of public questions. We shall also be able to mark the man in private or public life who shows by his talk or his actions that he thinks more of property rights than he does of the rights of individuals. Any business that does not benefit society, but on the other hand degrades it, whether run by an individual or individuals in a firm, company, or corporation, is a business that ought by the law to be put out of existence. This is why Digitized by ?,? 0 08 ['?350 Boy Scouts the business of gambling, for instance, is made unl?whd? also why the government had the right to malre lotteries lawful; also why some states (for instance New York) have passed laws making book-making at race tracks unlawful. For all of these things degrade and do not upb?fild mankind. It is for every one then, to apply this principle to the town, village or city in which he lives, and determine just what stand he take as to endorsing and protecting such business interests in his community. One is likely to find in any community men who seem to care nothing for any interests other than their own. They stand for property rights because it is for their interest to do so; but for the rights of ?d, the rights of society, apparently they care nothing. Here is the dis- tinction then between the good citizen, and the bad citizen, the desirable and "the undesirable" citizen. Practical Citizenship In nearly every town, village, and city of any size or im- portance, there is at least one individu.?l, and usually groups of individuals, working for the "betterment of society." They are people who take an interest in the people about them and do what they can to improve the conditions of life in the com- munity. If one were to take a survey of the whole country and make a study of the social workers- the men and the women who give freely of their time and of their money to make the world a better and happier place to Hve in -- he would come to see that such service is a kind of service that grows out of the heart, and is the fruit of the kindly spirit which prompts the "good turn daily." In doing the "good turn daily," then, one bas abundant opportunity to do his part toward the social betterment of the community in which he lives. There are so many ways that one hardly knows what to write down as the most important, because all are important. It is not alone in big things, but in the little things as well, that the really great work is done. The community -- the town, the village, or the city in which one lives --has many problems to solve. The streets in the community are always interesting and one can do much in the streets to help keep them dean, attractive, and pleasing, as well as sa/e for the people and horses passing through. In a city where there is a large population the lives o the people are in greater danger at all times than in the country, and that is the reason why the city has to be so orga? in its govern- ment that it can make special laws, or ordinanc, e? as t?ey are vigitiz?d byk?OO?lCPatriotism and Citizenship 35x called, for its own special protection against the daagers of city life. The policemen of a city, wherever stationed in the daytime or in the night time, are there to protect the lives and property of individuals, at street crossings, at public bui]dlnoo? , at theatres, in the parks, and on playgrounds; and. it is the privilege as well as the duty of all citizens to help them in every way possible to do their work well. In the "good turn daily," one may be able to help in more ways than one if he is on the lookout. "A scout's honor is to be trusted" to obey the laws and to see that they are not disobeyed by others. "A scout's duty is to be useful and to help others. He must be prepared at any time to save life or to help injured persons." There are often accidents in the streets--many avoidable ones--due simply to carelessness. For instance, some boys were careless and threw broken glass bottles into the street, and a passing automobile came to a standstill because of a punctured tire. The man who owned the automobile and was driving it got out and called one of the boys on the street to come over to him. He did not call this particular boy because he thought he had thrown the glass, but because he thought he was a boy who would appre- ciate what he wanted to say to him. He told the boy that he had just had a new tire put on his machine and appealed to him as to whether or. not he thought he had been treated right through the carelessness of the one who threw that glass into the street. The boy said no, he didn't think he had been, mad, after a little more talk, added that he would do all in his power in that neighborhood to see that such things were kept out of the street in the future. That boy was in line for the making of a first-class scout, and the man to whom he had been talking, being a good scout commissioner, had won the boy, because instead of being angry, he had been kind, courteous, and friendly- all. qualifications of a good scout. "A scout is a friend to animals." "Yes," said a stable keeper, "I have two good horses laid up, each injured by stepping on a nail in a board in the street. You know people are awfully careless about such things." There are some people who nearer go out of their way to do helpful things, just as some people never go out of their way to know people, and for that reason are often alone and lonesome. It is the little things that count, just such little things as picking up from the street a board with a nail in it, and putting it aside -- even that is a good turn. Lincoln once said in speaking of a man whom he thought lacking in sympathy: "He is so put up by nature tl?a?. Digitized by$52 Boy Scouts upon his back would hurt l?im, but a lash upon anybody's else back does not hurt him." There are many people in the world who seem to be like that man- not so many who feel that way towards mankind, possibly, but many who thought- lemly feel and act that way toward animals. The lash on the back of an animal- the horse, the cow, the dog- hurts, and the good scout always takes the animal's part. He is kind to animals. In the city, people often become careless as to the necessary precautions against fire and for this reason many lives are lost. In all well-regulated school systems, each school building is properly provided with fire escapes and the children regularly disciplined in fire drills. Proper fire precautions are not yet generally required by law as they should be in great buildings, factories, or workshops where men and women are employed in large numbers. If a scout should be employed in such a place, he might make hin?1f very serviceable in case of a fire, because having thought 08 it beforehand, he would know what to do- his motto being, "Be Prepared." One very important thing in city life is the protection of one's health: it is essential to have good food, pure water. plenty of good, fresh air m things not always easily obtain- able, but always most necessary. The scout learns through the many activities of scouting something of the market places and sources of supply for food; he has some idea as to the cost of living in his own home, and should become a good marketer himself, mo.ldng himself competent to judge of the quality and prices of food. If he is wide-awake and intelligent, he knows the products of his own county as well as those of the state. He knows what food products are shipped in and sometimes finds that it would be cheaper, and more profitable as well, to produce them in his own community. An industrious scout may often make his own pocket money in this way or provide funds towards his own education. In the Constitution of the United States is written this law: "No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States." The purpose of this law is to defeat any at- tempt to elevate one dtizen above another in rank of s cial or political preferment. Ours is a country free from the en- tanglements of sodal distinction such as mark one man or family from another by way of title or patent of nobility; and yet, in our country of uncrowned kings and unknighted men, we would not forget the real deeds of valor, the services rendered, or the victories won. For it w?e ?urpose Digitized by t?JOOg[CPatriotism and Citizenship 3?3 in the mind .and in the heart Of our fathers who framed the Constitution that each secoceding gameratio? should ?ise to the duties and responsibilities of .the State; that the x6_,tues of the State shotfid not descend or be lodged in 'one family, or any solected number.of ?mili'es, b?lt rather shouid be in the keeping of all the families, in the care and ,kee?hg of all the people. Thusdowere?nem?er?ur Washingto?ag?do?trItncoln. They served the generation to whioh they taetonged; they Lived a?l pa?sed ?ut of their gv.a?tion .h?viag '?e?wed tl? State: and all the virtues, cares, and re?a?bilities of the State ? the governmeat that is ?.they left 'to ;the generations that shotfid come.?[?er the?x Aad, the?, each g?e?ation ,as it oames aml goes must rise or ? in p?o? ?a it rai?s o? ,lowers the,citi?ea?ip standard, for,each geae?ation ,must prove its As.l?t forth ? a .?er fwm ?ond ?re .R?v?t, H?n? Vi?de?, ?y Scos? ? ?: e8 7 Fo? Av?ue, New York ? of ?m R?lt July ?oth, IgII. MY yeatit Sin: I quite agree with Judge Lindsey that the Boy Scout Move- merit/s of pectfi/ar importance to the whole country. It has already done much good, and it w/11 do far more, for it is in its essence a practical scheme through which to impart a proper standard of ethical conduct, proper standard? of fair play and consideration for others, and courage and decency, to boys who have never been reached and never will be reached by the ordinary type of preaching, lay or clerical. I have been par- tictfiarly interested in that extract of a letter from a scout mazt? in the Philippines, which runs as follows: "It a?gho t interest yon to know that at a recent fire in Manila which devastated acres of ground and rendered 3,ooo pedpte homeless, that two patrols of the Manila soouts reached the fire airart ?dth the 'fire companies, reported to the proEor au-_ thorlties ?nd worked ?r hours under very try??C354 Boy Scouts helping frightened natives into places of safety, remov'mg valuables and other articles f?om houses that apparently were in the path of the flames, and performing cheerfully and effi- cientiy all the tasks given to them by the fulmen and scout master. They were complhnented in the public press, and in a kind editorial about their work. "During the recent Carnival the services of the boys were requested by the Carnival officers, and for a period of ten days they were on duty performing all manner of ?rvice in the Carnival grounds, directing strangers to hotels, and ac?ng as guides and helpers in a hundred ways." What these boy scouts of the PhiLippines have just done, I think our boy scouts in every town and country district should train themselves to be able to do. The movement is one for efficiency and patriotism. It does not try to make soldiers of boy scouts, but to make boys who will turn out as men to be fine citizens, and who will, if their country needs them, make better soldiers for having been scouts. No one can be a good American unless he is a good citizen, and every boy ought to train himself so that as a man he will be able to do his full duty to the community. I want to see the boy scouts not merely utter fine sentiments, but act on them; not merely sing, "My. Country 'Tis of Thee," but act in a way that will give them a country to be proud of. No man is a good citizen less he so acts as to show that he actually uses the Ten Com- mandments, and translates the Golden Rule into his life con- duct- and I don't mean by this in exceptional cases under' spectacular circumstances, but I mean applying the Ten Com- mandments and the Gohlen Rule in the ordinary affairs of every-day life. I hope the boy scouts will practise truth and square dealing, and courage and-honesty, so that when as young men they begin to take a part not only in earning their own livelihood, but in governing the community, they may be able to show in practieal fashion their insistence upon the great truth that the eighth and ninth commandments are directly related to every-day llfe, not only between men as such in their pri.vate relations, but between men and the government of which they are part. Indeed the boys even while only boys can have a very real effect upon the conduct of the grown up members of the community, for'decency and square dealing are just as contagious as vice and corruption. Every healthy boy ougkt to feel and will feel that in order to amount to anything, it is necessary t??a?cfi?,Patriotism and Citizenship 355 and not merely a destructive, nature; and if he can keep this feeling as he grows up he has taken his first step toward good citize?hlp. The man who tears down and cri 'tacises and scolds may be a good citizen, but only in a negative sense; and if he never does anyt. hlng else he is apt not to be a good citizen at all. The man who counts, and the boy who counts, are the man and boy who s?eadily endeavor to. build up, to improve, to better living conditions everywhere and all about But the boy can do an immense axaount right in the present, entirely ?ide from training himself to be a good citizen in the future; and he can only do this if he associates hlm?.lf with other boys. Let the boy scouts see to it that the best use is made of the parks and playgrounds in their villages and home towns. A gang of toughs may m?ke a playground 'unposm?le; and if the boy scouts in the neighborhood of that particular playground are fit for their work, they will show that they won't permit any such gang of toughs to have its way. Moreover, let the boy scouts take the lead in seeing that the parks and playgrounds are turned to a really good account. I hope, by the way, that one of the prime teachings among the boy scouts will be the teaching against vandalism. Let it be a point of honor to protect birds, trees and flowers, and so to make our country more beautiful and not more ugly, because we l?ve lived in it. The same qualities that mean success or failure to the nation as a whole, mean success or failure in men and boys individually. The boy scouts must war against the same foes a?ad vices that most hurt the nation; and they must try to develop the same virtues that the nation most needs. To be helpless, self-in- dulgent, or wasteful, will turn the boy into a mighty poor kind of a man, just as the indulgence in such vices by the men of a nation means the ruin of the nation. Let the boy stand stoutly against his enemies both from without and from wit?hln?, let him show courage in confronting fearlessly one set of enemies, and in controlling and mastering the others. Any boy is worth not. hlng if he has not got courage, courage to stand up against the forces of evil, and courage to stand up in the right path. Let him be unselfish and gentle, as well as strong and brave. It should be a matter of pride to him that he is not afraid of anyone, and that he scorns not to be gentle and considerate to everyone, and especially to those who are weaker than he is. If he doesn't treat his mother and sisters well, then he is a poor creature no matter what else he does;356 Boy Scouts doesn't treat his wife well is a poor kind of dtizen no matter ?hat his other qualities may be. And, by the Way? don't ever Rnget ?:o let the ,boy know that courtesy? politeness, aaad t?m? must nOt bo neg!?ted. They me .nOt little rigs, because they are usetl at every turn in dally.li?. Let the boy tramember ulso that in addition to tourago, ?elfi?h- nest, .affd ,fair de?i?ugo, he must tmv? effi?ency? he must have kuowtedge? he m?St cuRtrate .a ?ound body and .a good mind, and train hlm.?elf so that he can act with quick decision in any cfi? that tnay afire, Mind, eye, muscle, all rn?t be ,trsinSd so that th? boy esm rnas?er himself? ar?l thereby learn to ma?t?t .his f?Ve. I heartily wish ?ll good i?ek to the movement. Very sincerely .yoors, Mr. Jma?es E. Wi?t, Executive S6?etary t?o? Scouts of America, eW Ymk C?ty.Americ? ?Y co,retry, 'tis o/ thee, Sweet land o liberty, Of thee I aing; ? where my fathers ? I?nd of the 1?-?-' pride, From every mountain s/de Let freedom ring. My native country, thee Land d the noble [me, Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, My heart with rapture thn? Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from ?ll the trees Sweet treedora's songj, Let mortal tai?ues awake, Let all that breathe parta? Let rocks their ?ilen?e brink, The sound prolong! O?r/ather's God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To thee we s/ag: With freedora's hobr l?ht; Protect us by Thy m/ght, Om?t God, our Kin?.The Star.Spangled Banner 0 SAY, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hafl'd at the twfiight's last gl?tmin? ? Whose broad stripez and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, (Yet the ramparts we watched were so gu!!a?tly streaming; .Stud the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro' the night that our tiag was still there! O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread -?ilence repose?. What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream-- 'Tls the star-spangled banner. O long may it wave O'er the land cf the free and the home of the brave. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, 'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country they'd leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. ? refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave -- And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and foul wars desolation, Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the hcav'n-rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we' must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto, "In God is our trust" -- And the sLur-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, While the land of the free is the home of the brave. ? F?tmcis Scott Key, xSx4.APPENDIX BOY SCOUT EQUIPMENT As stated in the chapter on "Scoutcraft," for the convenience of boys who wish to secure uniforms or other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with certa/n manu- facturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as axe most needed by boys. A number of these manufacturers have taken advertising space in this book and it is desired that in case goods are ordered as a result of their advertisement they be informed of the fact. Some of them have made arrangements for the distribution of material through Mr. Sigmund Eisner, of Red Bank, New Jersey, who has the contract for making the official uniforms. It should be remembered at all times that the sole purpose of the National Council in entering into any arrangement what- ever with manufacturers is to secure a low price on the very best mo. ter'ml possible. The manufacturers have agreed to sell all the material listed in this book at a uniform price in all parts of the country. In case local dealers or agents for the ' National Outfitter ask a price different from that given in the price llst herewith, National Headquarters should be notified. Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have not been made in your community, the National Headquarters will be g10A to help in making such an' arrangement. Many scout masters prefer to order uniforms and other supplies direct from National Headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the manufacturers in some cases have agreed to allow National Headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through National Headquaxters, if sufficiently large, will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the National Organization. In t.:h?s suggested list of equipment all articles marked with a star (*? ?ay be secured either through a local dealer or by 350 Di?itiz?cl by (?00g[C360 Appendix ordering direct through National Headquarters in New York City. Directions for Ordering Important: When ordering supplies care should be taken to see that the exact amount of remittance is included with the order. If check is used add New York Exchange. Make checks and money orders payable to Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the proper remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance arrives. ? * Axe: Any local hardware dealer can suggest quite a variety of good axes which may be used by the scout, but because of quality and price, the Boy Scout axe is suggested. Weight without handle, x e oz. Made of one piece of solid steel --special temper, axe pattern hickory handle, missio? hand forged--non-rusting finish. Price 35 cents. Axe scabbard or shield, e 5 cents extra. Bandanna or Necketcher: These are so common that every boy will recognize at once what is mean by a bandanna. The members of each patrol wear bandarias made in the colors of their patrol. These can be purchased at any local dry goods store at ten or fifteen cents each.

Belts: Any good belt 

I will meet the scout's needs. ? - But for his convenience the belt illustrated herewith is suggested. Price 4o cents.

Breeches: Standard material-- belt guides -- 

pockets--full pattern--legs laced below the knee, the lacing to be covered by stockings or leggings. Order by age according to following table: Boys' sizes: Price $x.oo. Age-size W?t S?t Im?,m Calf Ankle x8 32 37 26 x3? 9? ?7 3 x 36? aS? I33 9 x6 3 35 ?$ x3 O x3 27 3 x a3 x? 8? 12 26} 34 ,2 e slAppendix 36x Extra Sizes: Breeches above eighteen-year size will be mzAe to order and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment. Waist Seat Insearn Calf Ankle x 32 38 27 ?3 2 33 39 27 x3? 3 34 4o ?8 ?4 4 35 4? 27 5 36 42 28 x 5 6 37 43 27 ?5? ? 38 44 28 x5? Bugle: It is recommended that the standard bugle used in an army or drum corps be used. Each patrol should purchase these from a local music store. Camp Knives, Forks and Spoons: Ordinary Age Breast Waist Length Sleeve Cotlax x8 34 32 26 3x x6 x? 33 3 x 25 3? ?6 32 3o? 24 29? x5 x$ 3 ? 3 24 28? X4? x4 3 29 23? e7? x3 29 28? 23 26 table-knives, forks and spoons may be used. An inexpensive knife, fork and spoon for use in camps, like set illustrated here- with, may be secured for about eight cents per dozen through al- most any local hardware store. Canteen: A canteen of this design may be carried by each scout on hikes and long tramps. Many army supply houses carry these in stock, where they may be secured if desired.

• Coats: Standard material--four bellows

pockets -- standing collar -- dull metal but- tons with Boy Scout emblem. Order by age according to following table: Boys' sizes: Price $x.35.362 Appendix Extra Sizes: Coats above eighteen-year size will be made as extra size and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment than boys' sizes. Sleeve Co?as' Breast Waist Length Length F'mish

• Norfolk Coat for Scout Masters: Made of

standard olive drab cotton cloth, two pleats, back and front, with belt. Price, $3.oo. Compass: Every scout should learn how to use his watch as a compass. However, should he desire to own a compass, he will find no difficulty in securing one at any local jeweler's.

• Drinking Cup: A drinking cup for indivi-

dual use is recommended. The folding cup shown in the illustlation is made of brass and is nickel plated. Price xo cents. Drum: The selection of this is left to each local troop desiring this piece of

• Hats: Four hats are suggested as follows:

?. Boy Scout Hat. Olive drab felt- standard quality- equipment. Place your order with local music dealer. First Aid Kit: This kit for the use of the individual scout can be secured through this office or the Red Cross Society in Washington, New York and San Francisco. Price 2 5 cents. ??detach?bl;ti? $?.?5. lhlO. I?ppendix 363 5. Boy Sc?n? Sumner ttat. Olive drab drill, inside seams reinforced with leather, eyelets in crown for ventilation, de- tachable ties. Price 5 cents. 3. Boy Scout Hat. Extra fine, fur felt, made for hard sexyice. Price $5.oo. 4. Scout Master's Hat. Quality same as ? above, but larger dimensions. Price $2.5o. Be sure to indicate size desired when ordering.

• Haversack: Waterproof canvas, leather

straps-- buckles and separate pockets -- scout ..... ?_ ....... .? emblem on/tap. Price 6o cents. Hospital Corps Peuch: This pouch has been made up specially by the American Red Cross . Society and contains x x ! ! I

• Knickerbockers: Boy Scout olive drab

drill, belt guides, pockets, knee buckles, full pattern. Price 75 cents. the following: x Shears Tweezers Carbolized Vaseline Pkg. Safety Pins Wire Gauze Splints e-oz. Bottle Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia A.R.C. First A?d Outfit (cardboard) 1-yd. packages Sterilized Gauze. x-inch Bandages. e?-inch Bandages Triangular Bandages (cartons) U.S. A. Tourniquet Arrange with the American Red Cross Society for purchase of these. Price $3.oo. Age-Size Waist I9 32 x7 3? 16 30 x5 29 x4 28 ... x3 27

I2 2? 

• Knives: No. t, Price $t.oo.

? Stag handle, brass lin- ing, german silver bol- sters and shield. Large polished cutting blade, screw driver, can-opener and leather boring tool NO. I (U.S. Pat. 6-ro-o?.)364 Appendix Numb? a, Price 5 cents. C?muine eb?my handle, bra?s linh?g, german silver ?ste? and s?eld. L?ge cut?g N?e ? be o?n? with?t u?g ? ?. S?e f? ?g to belt. ? ?nfard: T? ?ece of ?- ?t m ? ?e ? ?nstmcti? ?e?mtought to take o? ?. Th? are u? f? ?ng ?e?t ?tle or k?e.

• ?gglngs: (Putt?). The st?e of l?n?

?e rome as U?ted States Army puttee l?g. M?e of ?t waterroof amy d?k. Pd? 55 ?n?. Pdce 75 ?. Coffee or tea can, cup, stew ? f? ?, co?, ? broiler two Mn?es. Numar e. Pfi? 5 o No. x cents. Coffee or tea ?n, cup? st? ? f? ?n? one han?e. ?atrol Fl?S: The patr? ia? ? made ? a go? q?ty m? ? w?l b?ting ? the ?1ors of ?e 1? pa?ol. Scouts make ? own patr? ?g? Material may be p?has? at l lo? ? ? s?re. The s?e of by e 7 in. Emblems ?n be ?r? from National H?dq?.

• ?o?hos: A good ?n?o is ?ost an abjure n?sity

for ?e scout when on a m?h or ? ?p. Pon? s?ble br scout pu?vses ?n be secur? from b?l de?e? at from $?.5 o upward. ?lt? Tents: Scouts shoed ?ke ?ek o? ten?. Direc-' 'flora for m?g ten? a? ?ven ? the text of ? ?k. ?hzrls-: Boy Scout s?rt, sm?rd ma- ta-- two /ff? x e?o?n frontt coat f / ?[? '? style -- s?n?rd button l / [?'? ? same as coat. Order by [ k? ? ? i? Sum? S?s: S?e ? ? [ ? as above, Hght weight. ? //gll ? S?rts: Standar? '?-?Appendix 365 terial- belt gttldes. lhill run?[ng pant pattern- espeelally dt?/iable fo? stlmmer use. Order acc?g 'to age .an?l waist

• $koes: Any good shoe that is made

in tra?ping will. serve the boy scOut'S needs. The Boy Scout shoe is convdniefft? In?ve and ?specially ?t'esigned for sco..ting. Price '? 'Flags: These can 15e maxte from mll.?u or bunting which may be '?ed at local stores. It is recommended that 'each scout make his own flags. Regulation sizes of the ?emaphore ?8 ha. by x8 in. 'and the Morse Or _19Iy4r flag e4'in. by e4 in. as shown in illustration. Staff: Ash or bamboo, two metres, (6 it. 6? in.), in .length and t?bout one and one-half inches in '-eli- ? aineter; marked off on one side in centimetres up to one-half metre, 'and 'the ba 'lahce in 'metres. Oh 'the other "side it shotrid be marked off in inches trp to one f6ot and the balalace in feet. The staff should have a blunt end. Scouts should make their own staffs whenever it is' ix?m"ote for them to secure the lumber. Hoe 'or r'ake handles make excellent stafi?. These can be procured through any local dealer at a nominal sum. The ScOut Staft and Its Uses Many boys, upon taking up the ScotIt Movement, are dubious about the value of the scout staff and many triends of the m0V/?ent ask "Why does i?.boy 'scout carry a staff?" Experience has proven it to be one of the most helpful articles of equipment. In order to show this we are reppaducing. thro?xgh the courtesy of Lieut-Gen. Sir366 Appendix Powell, illustrations from printed matter used by the English boy scouts. These illustrations show a number of different ways in which the staff will prove a handy and valuable article; in fact, essen. tial to the Scout outfit.

• Stockings: To match uniforms, made of heavy material

and suitable for scouting. $x.?5 in wool. Sweaters: Any local cloth- ing store will be able to se- cure for the scout the kind andquality of swealer needed.

• Tel*graph Instruments:

Beginners' telegraph instru- Price 3 cents in cotton, Digitized byAppendix 367 merits, to be used in learning the Morse code, may be secured through any electrical supply houae. The instrument illus- trated, five ohms, price, $L30. ' Tracking Irons: Excellent tracking irons can be made of ?inch heavy band iron, using the design presented here. Any local blacksmith will gladly ?_s_?st the boys in making their irons.

• T?oop Colors: Made of superior wool bunting upper

half, red; lower half, white. Reproduction ?? ?00? of the official badge super-imposed in g?en space left for troop ? number and name of city. Size of flag, 2e in. by 3 6 in. Letters to be attached by the local troop. Price withcut letters $i.oo.

• Trousers: Full length for scout masters: Made of

Standard olive drab cotton cloth, belt loop. Price $e.oo. If .breeches axe preferred, they may be had at same price. Better quality of boy scout suits--made of U.S. Army standard olive drab doth. Coat $2.5% breeches Watch: Every scout should possess a good watch. No par- ticular make of watch is recom- mended. The choice of this article is left entirely with the boy and may be bought through a local jewder. Water Bottle: In some cases where the individual scout is not furnished with a canteen, the patrol may desire to carry supply of water on the march. For this purpose water bottles capable of carrying a large quantity of water may be secured. These should be purchased through some army supply house.

• Whist&s: Scout standard whistle, for

use in signaling by whistle. Made of brass, gun metal finish, ting at end to attach to lanyard. Price xo cents. ?i?itiz?d by(?00?Appendix Suggest. io?ts f?r Measuring Sta?et .................... City .......................... Coat M?ure ?tl a?d at br? und? c? .................... All ?d at w?st under coat ..................... Sl?e D ? From ?n?e of coH? ? ? ?o?der ? .... .................................................. Then

o albow .......................................... 

To f?l ?th ...................................... Breec?s ? a?nd at ?t ?der ?at ...................... Sm of ?step ......................................

Size of hat
Size of linen collar worn
Answer following questions plainly:
Age?		Height?		Weight?

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE

This list of rererence books has been prepared for the use of scouts, to supplement information given in the handbook prepared for their use. It has been the aim to give as wide a selection as possible, in order that the boy scout might not fail to find in the local public library, some book on any subject in which he may have particular interest. The list includes literature directly aa indirectly related to scouting, as well as some appropriate books of fiction.

For convenience the books have been listed in accordance with the subject headings of the various chapters of the Handbook. Some of the most experienced librarians of the country have submitted material which has aided in the preparation of this list. For this kindly coöperation, sincere thanks is given.

Many of the books have been carefully reviewed by someone connected with the boy scouts, and in many cases through the courtesy of the publishers copies of these books are available for reference purposes at the office of the National Headquarters. Suggestions for additions or improvements upon this list will be gladly received at any time. Communications should be addressed to the Executive Secretary, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

Scoutcraft
Notes on Scouting and Reconnaissance	Jas. F. M. Livingston	Londop, Clewes
Pioneering and Mapmaking for Boy Scouts	C. R. Enock	London, Pearson
Scouting for Boys	Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell	C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., Henrietta St., London.
Three Amateur Scouts	Jadberns	Lippincott
The Boy Scouts	Chipman	Burt Co.
Yarns for Boy Scouts	Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell	C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., Henrietta St., London.
Woodcraft
animals
American Natural History	Hornaday
Animal Artisans	C. J. Cornish	Longroans, Green & Co.
Animals at Home	Lillian Bartlett	American Book Co.

370 Appendix

Animal Heroes ........ Seton ................. Century Co. A Wilderness Dog ..... Biography of a Grizzly Seton ................. Scribners Biography of a Silver Fox ................ Sewn ................. Scn'bners Claws and Hoofs ...... James Johonnot ........ American Boole Co. Dan Bea?l's ?n?mal Book and Campfire Stories .............. D. C. Beard .......... Scribners Familiar .A, nlmal? and Their Wild Kindred John Monteith ........ American Book Co. Four-looted Americans ?nd their Kin ....... M. C. Wright ......... Good Hunting ......... Theodore Roosevelt .... Harper Bros. Habits ef ^nlmals ..... E. Ingersoll ........... HaiLhours with the Lower Animals ...... C. G. Holder .......... ?merican Book Co. Haunter of Pine Gloom. C. G. D. Roberts Haunters of the Silences. C. G. D. Roberts '.'. '. '. Grosset & D?mlap. Homes, Haunts and Habits of Wild Ani- mah ................ I. T. Johnson ......... House in the Water ..... C. G. D. Roberts Jock of the Bushvoid...Sir. P. Fitzpatrick .... Longtrams, Green at Co. Jungle Book ........... Kipling ............... S?cond Jungle Book ...Kipling ............... Kindred of the Wild ..C. (3. D. Roberts.. King of the Mamozekel C. G. D. Roberts . Krag and Johny Bear . Seton. i i iScribners Life Histories of North Amerlc? ........... Seton ................. Scribners Little Beasts of Field and Wood .......... Cram ............ . .... Little Brother to the Bear ............... W. J. Long .......... C-inn & Co. Lives of the Fur Folk... M.D. Havfiand ........ Longmsna Green & Co. Living Animals of the World, Vol. I, II, IH The University Society. Lobo, Rag and Vixen . .Seton ................. Seribners Lives of the Hunted .... Seton ................. Scribners Mooswa ............. W. A. Fraser ......... My Dogs in the North- !and ............... E. R. Young .......... Revell Co. Monarch, the Big Bear of Talla? ........... Seton ................. Scn'bners Red Fox .............. C. G. D. Roberts .... Shaggycoat ............ C. Hawkes ............ Shovelhorns, Biography of a Moose ....... C. Hawkes ............ Some Curious Flyers, Creepers and Swhn- mers ................ .[..[ohonnot ........... American Boo? Co. Some U?ful Animals and What They Do for Us .............. J. C. Montelth ........ American B?ok Co. ?igitiz?d byk?OO?[Appendix $7 x Squd and Beamm ............. John Bu?g? ....... St? ? Humble Sto? of ?e ?p?...A.C. ?ut .......... The R?n? oi Anim? ? ?d C? ...... H. Couph ?d John ?a Lipp?cott The ?a?e ? ?i ? W?M ....... ?d Sdo? ........ S?ley & ?. ?e Wo? Pa?l ...... Jo? Fidemore ....... Tm? T? .......... ? ?d? ......... Wa?ofW?Fo?. .W.J. ?ng .......... .. Wild gnlm?h at Phy...?wn ................. Doublely P? & Co. Wild gn?a.tq I ?ve ?m ............. ?on ................. S?bne? WRd? Wg? ...... W. J. ?ng ........... WRd?h ?e R?.En? A. Mi? ......... Ho?hton Mi? Co. Wild ?e of ?. ? ?.; .'..... ' .... I?r?H .............. Wo?, ?e SWm ?d? F? ?dwell ........ ?d? M? & ?. W? Fo? at ?1...W.J. ?ng ........... Gi? & ?. ASTRONOM?Y A Field Book of the Stars ............... W. F. Olcutt. .Putnam Asm=oy. ............ jia McN,ir .Per rob. Co. Astxonomy by' Obser- vation .............. ]?I/za A. Bowen ....... American Book Co. Astronomy for Every- bed? ............... Simon Newcomb ...... Doubleday, Page & Co. Astronomy with an Opera Glass ......... G. P. Setriss .......... A Stmty of the Sky .... H. A. Howe ......... Scn'bners Astronomy w/th the Naked Eye ........ G. P. Setriss .......... Harper Bros. Children's Book of the Stars ................ Milton ................ Macmillan Co. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know.. J. E. Rogers .......... How to Ideatify the Stars ............... W. J. Milham ......... How roLocate the Stars ...................... Hinds, Noble & Co. Popular Astronomy .... G. Flaremarion ........ Round the Year with the Stars ........... G. P. Serviss ........... Starland .............. Ball .................. Ginn & Co. Steele's Popular As- tronomy ............ J. D. Steele ........... American Book Co. The Friendly Staxs ..... M. E. liartin .........

The Romance of .Mod- 

em Astronomy ...... McPher?,n ............ Lippi?,?ete Googl3 7z Appendix Bird Guide- Part I Water ? ........ Bird Guide--Part l?d Bi'r? .......... Nei? 1/?-? ....... Doubleday, Pa?e? B? Ho? ........... ? ? ? Re?n ? M? ............. W? & ? ..... ?t B? Life ........... Bkd Neigh? ....... Nelt? Blan? ....... D?l?y, P? ? N?gh? ........ J? Bk? ? E? No? ? t?t Ev? C?d ?d ? ....... Neltje ?a? ....... ?y, Bi? ?t H?t ?d ?e H?t? ......... Haltie B? ....... ?,?'&?. Bk?T .? ?e Y?.A.F. Ci?n ?2d .......... M. O. W?t ......... ? ?e EaSe ?d ?her Sto? ........ ?o? B?!l?n ........ P? ?b. Every ? ...... Bradford T? ....... ?eld B?k ? ?fid Birds and ?e? M?ic.. .F.S. Ma?ews ........ ?'S First ?k';? '?(r?'; ? .H.M. M{?r ......... ?ond B?k of B?..H.M. Mffier ......... Hamingo F?ther ...... M? ............... Itow ? Attract the How to A? Bk? ............... ? ............... How ? Know ?e B'? How ? Know ?e 'Wild Bk? of O?o ........ Die? ?e ........ How ? Study B?... In Bir?d ........... ?d? ?. K)?r ...... M? '?. Land B? E?t of R?ki? ............. C. A. R? ........... ? of the Air ....... C. G. D. ? ..... N?t?n? of Forest and Ma?h .............. I?e G. ? Bir? ?d Hew to ?ow ? ........ O? ? B?s ........ W? L. Bafly ......... T?nts o[ the Tr? . .C. Haw? ............ ? Blue ? C?.H.K. Job ............ The Rom? Life ..... - ........... JoM ?a ........... ?'?t Short Sto? of ? N?hbo? ...... M?. M. A. B. K?y..? ?k The ? oi B?d Stay ........ ;.... Job .................. Wild B? ot ?y .............. ,Goo81eAppendix o?,? ? to ? ............. J. H. K? ..... ;... ? ?f ? ?..'F? T. ? ....... Rev? Co. F? Fi? .......... E?e ?y ..... Favorite Fish and ?F? .............. j..?.? .... . ..... ?? ine ? of ? .... S. G. ? ........... ? Pub. Fish? ?d ? Sketch? ............ Gmv? ?d ...... ? ?b. Fi? ? ? ? ment ............... G. S. ? ........... N.Y. ? Fhh St? ........... H? ?d )? ..... H?f H? ? ? Home A? ?d How to C? for It..E? ? ......... Dut? ?e ?s G?e .... W? ? .... ?e B?k of F? ?d ?e?e Wa? F?. '? ? ......... ?n? .Hawk? ............... Cmw? Co. T? ?d ? ? . xwt ? '?o?&'ff?" ? '? .... ? ? ?.?j. M.? ...... Bot?y ............... J? M? ?t . .?n ?b. ?. ?ny ?r ?n .... H?et C. ? ..... ? ?. ?n P? ........ ? O. ? ..... D.C. H? El? Bo?y ?th Spd? ?o? ......... W. A. ?z ...... ? N? Field B?k of .? ?d Fo? ........ P. ? M?... ? of ?e ?u? U? S?t? ....... A. W? ? ....... ?ow? Guide ........ C. A. & C. ? ? .. G? ?r ?ofit .... P. H? .......... G?, ? ?d R? ? ?e N? U?t? S?tm ....... ?w? ?e ...... How ? Collet ?d ?e P? ? ?-w?s ................................ ?&, ?e ?w ? K?ow ? F?s. Fmnc? ? P?- How to ?ow the W?d ?o? ............. P?s ............... l?us? ?ora of the U? Stat? ?d Ca?da ............. N. L. Bdtton and ?-

?n Brox? ..........374 Appendix

I?msons with Plants ...Bailey . ............ Mamud o/Gardening..L.H. Bailey. ......... ?atur?'s Garden ....... Neltje Blanchan ....... Doubleday, Page & Co. N?w England Ferns and Their Common Allies Helen Eastman ....... l?w Manual of Botany Asa Gray ............. New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mount?a-s .......... John M. Coulter, re- vlsed by Avert Nelson Our Gaxden Flowers .... Han4et Louise Keeler.. dre? ............... Wm. Starr Dana ....... American Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies .... Burton O. Longyear ... Southern Wild Flowers and Trees ........... Alice Lounsbery ....... The Fern Collector's Guide .............. Willard Nelson C[ute... The Garden Yard ...... B. Hall ............... Young Folk's Nature Field Book .......... J. Alden Loring ....... Dana Estes C?. FUNOI Edible Fungi of New York ............... Charles H. Peck ....... N. . State M?eum Flowedess Plants:Ferns, Mu?arooms, Lichens and Seaweeds. E. H. Hale .......... Mushrooms .......... Atkinson .............. Holt & Co. Oae Thousand Ameri- can Fungi .McIllvain & Macadam Bobbs, Metxifi & Co. Fungi .............. Atkirtson .............. The Mushroom ........ M. E. Hard .......... Ohio Library Co. The Mushroom Book.. Nina L. Marshall ...... Doubleday, Page & Co. HANDICRAFT Clay Modelling ........ Paul N. Hasluck ....... David McKay Dynamos and Electric Motol? .............. " '? Electro-Plating ......... " . ...... " C/ass Writing, Emboss- ing and Facia Work. ': " How to Make Baskets. Mary White i i ii ? i i Doubleda, y., Pa?e & Co. Leather Working ...... Paul N,; Hasluck ....... David l?ctr. ay Photography ............... Photo,?phic ?ameras.. " . ..... " ChemistiT " . ..... " " Studies... " " Upholstery. ............ ?,gitiz?d ,GoogleAppendix 375 IIq?EC'I? AND BUTTERFLIES Ant.% their Structure, Development and Be- ha?dor .............. W. M. Wheeler ........ Columbia Univ. Press Beehlvesand34?pllances. Paul Hasluck .......... David McKay and Preserving Insects Nathan Banks ........ U.S. National Museum Bulletin Eve?day Butterflies... grow to Keep Bees .... Anna B. Comstock ..... Doubleday, PageCo. How to Know the Butteg/]ies .......... J. H. and Mrs. Comstock D. Appleton & Co. Insect ? ............ Comstock ............. IMtfie ]hiay Bod/es .... Maxks Moody ......... Harper Bros. Manual for the Study o/ In.?wJ?.' .......... J. H. andA. B. Comstock Moths and Butterflies. ,Julia P. Ballard ....... Putnam's Sons Our Insect Friends and Enemies ............ J. B. Smith ........... Lippincott Our Insect Friends and Foes ................ B. S. Cragin .......... Putnam's Sons The Butterfly Book .... W. J. Holland ........ Doubleday, Page & The House-Fly- Dis- ease Carder ......... L. O. Howard ......... Stokes Co. The Moth Book ....... W. J. Holland ........ Doubleday, Page & Co, The Romance of Insect Life ................. Edmund Selous ........ Seeley & Co. The Way of the Six- Footed ............. About Pebbles ........ Alpheus Hyatt ........ D.C. Heath & Co. Boy Mineral Collectors J. G. Kelley .......... Common Minerals and Rocks .............. Win. O. Crosby ........ D.C. Heath & Co. Stories of Rocks and Minerals .......... H. W. Fairbanks ...... The Boy Geologist at School and in Camp..E.G. Houston ........ The Earth and Its Story ............... A. Heilprin ........... The Romance Modem Geology ..... Grew ................ Lippincott REPTILES Poisonous Snakes of North America ...... Leonard Stejneger ..... Gov. Printing Off? The Reptile Book ..... Ditmar ................ Doubleday, Page & Co. SHELLS AND SI:IELLFISH American'Marine Shells,Bulletin No. 37 ...... U.S. National Museum, ' w&,Google376 Appendix Mollusks of the Chi- cago Area ........... F. C. Baker .......... Chicago Ac?l?a? The Little Water Folk. C. Hawkes ............ Crowell' Co. The Lymnaedm of North America ...... F. C. Baker .......... ? Ac?l?m3r o! l?e Shell Book ...... Julia E. Rogers ........ Doubleday, l?tg?& Co. W?t Coast Shells ...... Josiah Keep ........... Worms and Crusta?e? . Hyatt ................. D.C. Heath & Co. A Guide to the T?ees..Alice Lounsbery ....... F?nnlar T r e e s a?d Their Leaves ........ Mathews .............. l?ield and Forest Handy Book ............... Dan C. Be?trd ......... First Book o? Forestry. Roth .................. Forest Trees and Forest Scenery ............. Schwartz .............. Gra/ton Pres l?ndbook of Trees o New England ....... Dame and Brooim ...... Ginn & Co. ? of the. Tree, o/ the Northern United States and Canada. ............. Hough ................ How to Tell the Trees ...................... HimIs, Nohh & Co. How to Know Wild Fruits .............. Maude C. Peterson .... Manual of the Trees of North America ...... Charles Sprague Sar- gent ................ North American Trees..Brittom ............... North American Forests and Forestry ........ Bnmcken .............. Putnam Our Native Trees ..... Keeler ................ Scn'bnexs Our Northern Shrubs...Harriet L. Keeler ...... Our Shrubs of the United States ....... Apgar ................. Practical Forestry for Beginners in Forestry J. C. Gifford .......... School of the Woods . .. W. J. Long ............ Studies o Trees in Winter ............. Huntington .......... Sargent Ten Common Trees ...Susan Stokes .......... American Boor Co. The Forest ............ $. E. White ........... The Forester's Manual or Forest Trees that Every Scout Should Know .............. Seton ................. Doubleday, Page & Co. The Magic Forest ...... White . Grosset & Dunlap The Way o the Woods. Breck ................. Putnam's Sons Trees o the Northern United States ........ 'Austin C. ?,pgar . vrgiti?d bvi?OOg[CAppendix 377 The Trees of California. Jepson ................ The W?'s Hand- book .............. United States Depart- ment o? Agriculture Bulletin No. 36 ...... Treea That Every Child Should Know ........ J. E. Rogers .......... ?t?SC?LLA?OVS ? WOODCrAFt Adventures in the Great Forests ............. H. W. ?lyrst .......... Lippincott Adventures of Buffalo Bill ................ Cody ................. Adventures of Four- looted, Folk ......... Belle M. Brain ....... Fleming H. Revell A Journey to Nature... J.P. Mowbray ...... :. Grosset & Dunlap Americaa Boys' Handy Book ............... Beard ................ Amateur Taxidermist... Scorso ................ A Watcher in the Wooch .............. D. L. Sharp ........... Century Co. Bent Iron Work ....... Hasluck .............. David McKay Birch Bark Roll ....... Seton ................ Boats and Saddles ..... Custer ................ Boy Craftsman ........ A. W. Hall ............ Boy Pioneers .......... Dan Beard ........... Scribners Boy's BOok of Airships.. H. Delacomb .......... Boy's Workshop ....... Craigin ................ Boy with the United States Foresters ..... Robert Wheeler ........ Box Furniture ......... Louise Brigham ........ Century Co. Dbmed ............... Sargent ............... Grosset & Dunlap Chats on Photography.. Wa?ington ............ Lippincott Electricity ........... Fowler ................ Penn Pub. Co. Electric Instrument Making for Amateurs. Bottome .............. Electricity for Boys .... Adams ................ Electridty for Every- body ............... Atkinson .............. Electricity for Young . People .............. Jencks ................ Electricity Made Easy. E. J. Houston and A. E. Kennetly ............ Excursions ............. Thoreau .............. Houghton Mifflin Co. Famous Indian Chiefs .Johnston .............. Field and Forest Handy Book ............... Beard ............... Scribners Four Afoot ........... Barbour ............. Frank, the Young Naturalist ........... Castleman ........... Hurst Co. Frontiersman's Pocket~ book .............. Pocock .............. Harper's How to Under- stand Electricit 3' ..... Onken and Baker ..... Digitized by GO0?[(?$78 Appendix Harper's Indoor Book for Boys ............ Adams ................ Harper Bros. Harper's Outdoor Book for Boys ............ Adams ................ Home Mechanics for Amateurs ............ G. M. Hopkins ........ How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus .......... T. M. St. John ........ In American Fields and Forests ............. H. D. Thoreau, et al... Indoor and Outdoor Handicraft .......... Beard ............... Scnq)ners Jack of All Trades ..... Dan Beard ............ Scribners Lakerim Athletic Club.. Hughes ............... Last of the Mohicans . Cooper .............. Houghton Mifflin Co. Log Cabins and Cot- tages. ............... Wicks .............. Forest & Stream Long Trail .......... Garland .............. Making Wireless Out- fits ................. Harrison .............. Nature Study .......... F. L. Holtz ........... Scribners On Horseback in Vir- ginia ............... C. D. Warner ......... Houghton Mifflin Co. Our National Parks .... John Muir ............ Houghton Mifflin Co. outdoor Handy Book..Dan Beard ............ Scribners outdoors, Indoors and up the Chimney ..... C. Mclllvain .......... Sunday School Times Out-of-Doors .......... M. Ellsworth Olson .. Pacific Pub. Co. Romance of Modern Photography ........ Gibson ............... Lippincott Scholar's A B C of Electricity .......... Meadowcraft ........ Hinds, Noble & Co. ,Scientific American Boy. Bond .................. Munn & Co. Sdentific American Boy at School ............ Bond ................. Scientic American Re- feteace Book ........ Bond ................. Munn & Co. Secret of the Woods...Wm. J. Long ........ Ginn & Co. Sportsman Joe ......... Sandys .............. Taxidermy ............ Hasluck .............. McKay The Boy Electrician .... tluston ................ Lippincott The Boy's Book of Conservation ........ Small ................. Maynard & Co. The Boy's Book of Inventions .......... Bacon ................. Doubleday, Page & Co. The Boy's Second Book of Inventions ........ Baker ............... Doubleday, Page & Co. The Boy's Book of Model Aeroplanes ... Collins ................ Century Co. The Boy's Book of Steamships ........ Howden ............. The Camp at Willow Island. .............. Bond ................. f, ? The Frog Book ....... Dickerman ........... vl?oatlk4ta?O,?lglk Co.Appendix , 379 The Complete Photo- gm her .............. Bailey ................ Doubleday, Page & Co. The ?ountains ........ S. E. White ........... T?e? Open Window ........................... Grosset & Dunlap Young Electrlc{an.tL I-IMI ............... Macmillan. Co. The Young Mechanic ...................... Putnam's'Sons Th? w a Boy Should about Elec- tridty .............. T. M. St. John ........ Things a Boy Should' Know about Wireless. St. John .............. Trapper Jim .......... Sandys ................ Two Little Savages .... Seton ............ Vehicles of the Air ..... Longheed ............. Reilly & Britton Co. Walden, or Life in the Woods ............. Thoreau ............... Houghton' M?fl?n Co. Ways of Nature ....... Burroughs ............ Houghton Mifflin Co. 'Wilderness Homes ...... Kemp ................ Outing Pub. Co. Wild Neighbors ....... Ingersoll ............... Wireless Telegraphy ...A.F. Collins .......... Woodcra/t ........... Sears ................. Century Co. Woodmyth and Fabl,?..Seton ............... Century Co. Wonders of Man and Nature .............. R. Whiting ............ Woodcraft ............ Nessmuk .............. Forest & Stream Woodworking for ginhers ............. Wheeler .............. Young Folk's Nature Field Book .......... J. A. Loring .......... Dana Estes Co. Around the Campfire...C.G.D. Roberts ...... An Old Fashioned Sugar Camp ............... P. G. Huston ......... Revell Co. At Home in the Water. Cotson ............... Association Press Billy in Camp ........ Cart .................. McClurg Co. Boat Building and Boating for Beginners. Dan Beard ............ Scribners Boat Sailing .......... Kensaly .............. Outing Co. Building Model Boats.. Hasluck .............. David McKay Camp and Trail ....... Isabel Hornabrook ..... Camp and Trail ....... S. E. White ........... Outing Pub. Co. Camp and Trail Methods ............ Kephart .............. Camp Cookery ........ Horace Kephart ....... Outing Pub. Co. Camp Fire and Wigwam. Ellis .................. Winston Co. Camp Fire Musings ...W.C. GraF,. .......... Revell Camping and Camp Cooking ........... Batc? ................. Camping and Camp Outfits .............. G. O. Slfields .......... Ca .m?h!g for Boys ..... Gibson ............... Association Press C?mping Out .......... Stephens .............. Hurst & Co. Camp Kits and Camp Life ................. Hanks ................38o Appendix Camp Life in the Woods. Gibson ............... Campmates ............ C. K. Muaroe ........ Canoemates ........... K/rk Munme .......... Canoe aa? B?at ing ................. Stephem .............. Forest and Canoe and Camp Cookery ............ Seneca ................ FOreSt and Stream Canoe Boys and Camp letres ............... Graydon .............. Gr?set and Danlap Caxptaln Thomas A. Scott, Master Diver.. F. H. Smith ........... Comrades in Camp .... Victor ................. Chatterton Co. Economical Cook Book. Mrs. Sarah Paul ...... John C. W/nstoa & Co. Every Boy I? Own Cook ............... Atkinson Rice ......... Guns, Ammunition and Tadde .............. Money, et Harper's Camping and Scouting ............ Grinnell & Swan ....... How to Swim ......... Dolt?n ................ Knotting and S91JlCing Ropes and Corda?;.. Hs-n!uck .............. Plates Accompanymg Canoe and Boat Build- ing /or Amateurs ........................... Forest & Stan?m Pub. Co. Practical Rowing with Scull and Sweep ..... Stevens ............... Roj?,.: Their Knots and Splices .............. Kunardt .............. Swimming ............. Btn?wste? .............. Houghton M? Co. Swimming ............. Sinclair ............... The Art of Sw?mmlng.. Nelligaxl .............. The Boat Sailor's Manual ............. Qualtrongh ............ Scribners The Book o! Camping and Woodcraft ....... Kephart ............... Outing Pub. C?. The Kidnapped Campers Canfield..: ............ Watchers of the Camp Fires ................ C. G. D. Roberts ...... 'I?AACIe, S? TRAILINO? AND SIGNALING Along Four Footed Trails .............. Ruth A. Cook ........ James Pott & Black Bear ........... Wright .............. Comxades of the Tra/h.. Roberts ............... First to Cross the Con- tittent ............... Brooks ............... Foo?t,?r?ints in the Forest. Ellis .................. Winston Co. Gralmolog3r ............ Howard ............... Penn Pub. Co. Grizzly Bear ........... Wright ............... International Code of Signals ............. U.S. Government Print- ?-?Appendix 3 8 Northern Trails (Books ami ?) .............. Win. J. Long .......... Ginn ?: Co. Our Country's Flag .... E. S. Holden .......... Phrenology ............ 'Olln .................. Penn. Pub. Co. Phys/ognomy... ........ Lomax ................ " " " Return to the Trails...C.G.D. ROberts .... Sign Language ......... Seton ................. D?ubleday, P?e & C?. The Trail of the Bsdger. Hamp ................ The Tra/l to the Woods. Hawkes ............... American Book Co. Tracks and Tracking .. Brunner ............. Outing Pub. Co. Trail of the Sand Stag ................ ?et?n ................. Watchers of the TrailS..C.G.D. Rober? ...... Young Trailers ........ Altsheler .............. ?F.A?.? ?,?o ?E Body and /is De?ces.?ewett ................ Cnnfide?tial Talks with Young Men ......... 'SI?Y ................ Rcveli Control of Body and Mind ....... . ...... ; .Jeweet ................ ?3inn & Co. Daily Training ......... Benson & Miles ....... From Y?h .into ?M?- Good Health .......... Jewett ................. ?;inn & Co. Health ................ Walter C. Woo?i ....... Penn 'P?b. Co. Health, Strength and Power ...... . ......... Saggent ............... Home Treatment and Care of the Sick ..... Lovering .............. Otis Ciapp & How to Keep Well ..... Wilson ................ 'Crowell Japanese Physical Tra'ming ............ Hancock .............. My System ............ Muller. Rural Hygiene ......... Brewer i iiiiiii[11111 [Lippincott CHIVALRY Adaptability ........... Ellen E. Kenyon V?arner. Hinds, Noble & Co. Adventure Amol?g Red Indians ............. Hyrst ................ Lippincott Age of Chivalry ....... Bullfinch .............. An Iron Will .......... Orison Swett Marden..Crowell A Skilled Workman .... W. A. Bodell ......... Revell Co. Aspiration and Achieve- ment. ............... Frederick A. Arkins ...Revell Co. AS?uimtions a n d In- ence .............. H. Clay Trumbull ..... Sunday School Times Book of Famou? Verse. Agn? Repplier ........ Boy's King Artlint ..... Lanier ................ Boy's Life of Captain Jolm Smith .......... Jolmsov .............. Career? of I)anglr ?nd Daring ............. Cleveland Mo/ett ......Appendix ci.?vacter Working...?L Clay Trumbull ..... Sund?y School Times Character the Grandest Th?ug ............. Oxison Swett Marden..Cmwell Co. Cheerfulness as a Life Power ............... Orison $wett Marden..Crowell Co. Daniel Boone, Back- woodsman .......... Forbes Lindsay ........ Lippincott Duty ................. EilenE. Kenyon Warner. I:rmds, Noble & Co. Duty Knowing and Duty Doing ......... H. Clay Trumbull ..... Sunday School Times Economy ............ Orison $wett Marden.. Crowell Co. Every M?n a King .... Orison Swett Marden .. Crowell Co. Famous Scouts ........ Johnston .............. Fidelity ............... ElleriE. Kenyon Warner. Hinds Noble & Co. First Battles ........... Frederick A. Atklns ...Revell Co. Four American Pioneers. Perry and Beebe ...... Getting One's Bearings. Alexander McKenzie... Revell Co. Good Manners and Success. ............. Orison Swett Marden ..Crowell Co. He Can Who Thinks He Can ............ Otlson Swett Marden..Crowen Co. Heroes Every Child Should Know ........ H. W. MaNe .......... Houghton Mi?in Co. Heroes of Chivalry'. .... Louise Maitland ....... Heroes of Pioneering...Sanderson ............. Lipplncott Heroes of the Storm...O'Conncx .............. Houghton Hero Myths and Legends of the British Race...M.O. Erbutt ......... Crowell Co. ohn James Audubon..Audubon .............. Putnam oim Smith, Gentle- man and Adventurer. Lindsay ............... Lippincott Knight Errant ......... Davidson ............. Lippincott Knighthood in G e r m and Flower .......... Cox ................... Last of the Great Scouts. Wetmore .............. Lessons on Manners .... Julia M. Dewey ....... Hinds, Noble & Co. Levels of Living ....... Henry F. Cope ........ Revell Life of Kit Carson ...Ellis .................. Grosset & Dunlap Little Jarvis .......... Seawell ................ Loyalty ............... McClure .............. Revell Co. Making the Most of Ourselves ........... Calvin Dill Wilson ..... McClurg Co. Men of Iron ........... Pyte .................. Moral Musde ......... Frederick A. Arkins ... Revell Co. My Young Man ....... Louis Albert Banks .... Funk & Waghalls Cao. Ourselves and Others...H. Clay Trumbull ..... Sunday School Times Page, Esquire and Knight .............. Lsm?dng ............... Pesce, Power and Plenty. Otlson Swett Marden.. Crowell Co. Possibilities ............ McClure .............. Revell Co. Wo.d or ........... tL Clay Trumbull ..... Sunday Scho? Times Practical Paradoxes .... Orison Swett Marden..Crowell Co., Royal Manhood ........ Jamos I. Vance ... ?v?z?l?ell(l?lAppendix 3 Rushing to the Front..Orison Swett Marden.. C"mwen Co. Seeing and Being ...... H. Cl?y Trumbull ..... Sunday School Times Self Control and Its King- ship and Majesty ..... Win. Coe Jordan ....... Revell Co. Self Reliance .......... Ellen E. Kenyon Warner. Hinds, Noble & Co. Stories of Charlemagne. Church ................ Stories of King Arthur. Waldo Cutler .......... Crowen Co. Stories of King Arthur and His Knights ..... Pyle .................. Stories of King Arthur and the Round Table. Beatrice Clay ........ Stories of the Great West ................ Roosevelt ............. Story of the Cowboy...Hough ................ Successful Men of To-day .............. W'gbur F. Crafts ...... Funk & Success in Life ....... Emil Reich ........... Dufiield ?,o. Successward ........... Edward Bok ........... Revell Co. Talks with. Great Workers ............ Orison Swett Marden.. Crowell Co. Tendency ............. James I. Vance ........ Revell Co.

The Book of King Arthur 

and His Noble Knights Mar? MacLeod ........ Fred'k A. Stokes The Boys Gnghulain...Eleanor Hull .......... Crowen Co. The Christian Gentle- man ................ Louis Albert Banks .... Funk & The Crown of Iudividu- ality ............... Win. George Jordan .... Revell Co. The Hour of Oppor- tunlty ............... Orison Swett Marden..Crowell Co. The Kingship of Self Control ............. Win. George Jordan .... Revell Co. The Majesty of Calm- ness ................ Win. George ?ordan .... Revell Co. The Making of a Man. Robert Elliot peer .... Revell Co. The Marks of a Man..Robert Elliot Speer .... Revell Co. The Optimistic Life .... Orhon Swett Marden..Crowell Co. The Oregon Trail ....... Parkman .............. Lippincott The Power of Person- ality ................ Orison Swett Marden..Crowell The Romance of Early Exploration ....... Williams .............. Lippincott The Secret of Achieve- ment ................ Orison Swett Marden... Crowell Co. The Story of Hereward. Doughs C. Stedman ... Crowell Co. The Vision of Sir Launfal,. :. .......... James Russell Lowell...Barse & Hopkias The Young'?/fan Enter- ing Buaineas ........ Orison Swett Marden..Croweli Co. Thoroughness ......... Davidson ............. Revell Co. True Manhood ........ James, Cardinal Gibbons McClurg Co. Twentieth Century Wbat?g?thood.: ........ Banks ............... Funk & Wagnails hall our Boys Do For a Living ..... Charles F. Wingate .... Doubleday?dPa?O{?[C38 7 Appendix Winning Their WAy... Faris .................. With Spurs ? Go?d .... F. W. Omen and D. V? Kirk Young Men Who Over- cam? ................ R?t E. Slur ....... Revefl C?. American Red Cross Abridged Text-book and First Aid ....... Major Chas. Lynch .... Backwoods Surgery and Medicine ............ Moody ............... Boys Coastwise ........ Rideing ............... Emer?ncies ........... C. V. Gulick .......... Exe?se in Education and M?di?ne ...... ..R.T. Meir?azie... Fighting a '?iee ........ ?:. T. H'dl ............. First Aid in Injury .............. Pilcher ............... First Aid to jured ............... F. J. Wadnick ......... Penn Pub. Co. Healfix, Strength and Power ............... 'D. A. Saxg,?t ......... Heroes of the l?ite-bmt and Rocket .......... Ballantyne ............ Heroes ?f ? '$tolxn .... Douglas .............. Life Bo?t and Its Work. Lewis ................ Nursing ............... $. Vi?l?x I,m, es ...... Penn Pub. Co. Our Seacoast Heroes...Daunt ................ Stories of the IMe-!?at .Mtmelefl ............... The Beach Patrol ...... Drysdale .............. The Life-boat ......... Ballaut3me ............ Book o Athletic and Out-door Sports ...... Bingham .............. Book of College Sports.Walter C?mp .......... ' Boy's Book of Sports..Fannie Thompson ...... Century Co. Boys' Drill RegulatiOns Games for Everybody.. May C. I-Iofmsm ....... Dodge l?ub. Co. Games for All Occa- sions ............... Mary E. Blain ........ ?arse & Hopkins Games and Songs of American Childrtm...Newell ................ Harper Bros. Education by Play ?nd Games .............. G. E. johnson ......... Ginn & Co. Money M?ut-g Enter- esd,ments ........... Rook & Goodieflow .... Penn Pub. Co. Pl?y .................. Emm?tt D. ?mgell ..... Little, Brown & Co Practical Track and Iraeld Athletics ....... Graham a,,d Clark ..... Dufiield Co. Social Activities for Men aM Boys ........... A.M. Chestey ......... Associatloa Press Otmloor Games for All so.s ............. B=ra ............... =oogle

patriotism and citizenship
Abraham Lincoln	Baldwin	American Book Co.
Abraham Lincoln – Boy and Man	Morgan
American Hero Stories.	Eva M. Tappan	Houghton
American Leaders and Heroes	W. F. Gordy	Scribner's
A Message to Garcia	Hubbard
An American Book of Golden Deeds	James Baldwin	American Book Co.
Battles for the Union	Prescott Holmes	Henry Altemus Co.
Battle of the War for Independence	Prescott Holmes	Henry Altemus Co.
Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln	Nicolay	Century Co.
Boy's Life of Ulysses S. Grant	Nicolay	Century Co.
Civics – Studies in American Citizenship.	Sherman	Macmillan Co.
Discovery of the Old Northwest	J. Baldwin
Essentials in Civil Government	S. E. Formyn	American Book Co.
Famous American Statesmen	Sarah K. Bolton	Crowell Co.
Famous Voyages and Explorers	Sarah K. Bolton	Crowell Co.
Four American Explorers	Kingsley	American Book Co.
Four American Indians	Edson. L. Whitney and Frances M. Perry	American Book Co.
Four Great Americans	James Baldwin	American Book Co.
Good Citizenship	Julia Richman
Good Citizenship	Grover Cleveland	Henry Altemus Co.
Great Words from Great Americans		G. P. Putnam's Sons
Guide to United States History	Henry W. Elson	Baker, Taylor Co.
Heroes of the Army in America	Charles Morris	Lippincott
Heroes of Discovery in America	Charles Morris	Lippincott
Heroes of the Navy in America	Charles Morris	Lippincott
Heroes of Progress in America	Charles Morris	Lippincott
Heroes of the United States Navy	Hartwell Jones	Henry Altemus Co.
Hero Tales from American History	Lodge and Roosevelt
History of New York City	Chas. E. Todd	American Book Co.
Historic Americans	E. S. Brooks	Crowell Co.

Home Life in Colonial Days	Alice Morse Earle	Grosset & Dunlap
How the People Rule	Hoxie
Lessons for Junior Citizens	Mabel Hill
Lewis and Clark	Lighton	Houghton Mifflin Co.
Life at West Point	Hancock	Putnam
Life of Lincoln for Boys	Sparhawk	Crowell & Co.
Lyra Heroica	Wm. Ernest Henley	Scribners
Makers and Defenders of America	Anna E. Foote & A. W. Skinner	American Book Co.
Man Without a Country	E. E. Hale	Crowell & Co.
New Century History of the United States	Edward Eggleston	American Book Co.
North America	Frank G. Carpenter	" " "
Our Country's Flag and the Flags of Foreign Countries	Holden
Our Country's Story	Eva M. Tappan	Houghton Mifflin Co.
Pathfinders of the West	Laut	Grosset & Dunlap
Patriotic Citizenship
Poor Boys Who Became Famous	Sarah K. Bolton	Crowell
Poems of American Citizenship	Brander Matthews	Scribners
Politics for Young Americans	Charles Nordhoff	American Book Co.
Poor Richard's Almanac.	Benjamin Franklin	Dufiield Co.
Popular Patriotic Poems Explained	Murphy	Hinds, Noble & Co.
Potter's Advanced Geography	Eliza H. Horton	Hinds, Noble & Co.
Stories of Heroic Deeds.	James Johonnot	American Book Co.
Stories of Our Country.	James Johonnot	" " "
Story of the American Merchant Marine	J. R. Spears	Macmillan Co.
Story of the Great Republic	H. A. Guerber	American Book Co.
Ten Boys From History		Sweetser, Duffield Co.
Ten Great Events in History	James Johonnot	American Book Co.
The True How to Become One.	W. F. Marwick & W. A. Smith	American Book Co.
The Century Book for Young Americans	Brooks
The Citizen	Shaler
The Community and the Citizen	Arthur Dunn	D.C. Heath & Co.
The Good Neighbor in the Modem City	Mary Richmond	Lippincott
The Ship of State	Youth's Companion	Ginn & Co.
The Pilgrims	F. S. Noble	Pilgrim Press

The Story of our Navy for Young Americans	Abbott	Dodd, Mead & Co.
The Story of our Great Lakes	E. Channing & M.F. Lansing	Macmillan Co.
The Story of the Thirteen Colonies	Guerber	American Book Co.
The Young Alaskans	Hough
The Young' Citizen	Dole	Heath
Training for Citizenship	Smith	Longroans, Green Co.
Uncle Sam's Business	Maxriott
U. S.	Townsend	Lothrop
Washington and His Generals	Headley	Hurst & Co.
Washington's Farewell Address		Duffield Co.
When America Became a Nation	Jenks	Crowell Co.
When America was New.	Tudor Jenks	Crowell Co.
When America Won Liberty	Tudor Jenks	Crowell Co.
Young Americans	Judson
Young Continentals at Bunker Hill	McIntyre	Penn Pub. Co.
Young Continentals at Lexington	Mcintyre	Penn Pub. Co.
Young People's History of the War with Spain.	Prescott Holmes	Henry Altemus Co.

MISCELLANEOUS A Guide to Biography. Burton E. Stevenson...Baker, Taylor_Co. American Indians ...... Yonge ................ A Vagabond Journey Around the World...Franck .............. Century Co. Book of Golden Deeds.. Carlin ................. .. Boy's Life of Captain ? John Smith .......... Eleanor Johnson ....... Crowell Co. "Boy Wanted" ....... W. Waterman ......... Childhood of Jishib, the Ojibw? ............. Jenks ................. Choosing a Life Work.. L. R. Fiske ........... Eaton & Mains Co Choosing a Vocation... Paxsons ............... Christopher Carson, known as Kit Carson J. S.C. Abbott ....... Courage .............. Charles Wagner ........ David Crockett: His Life and Adventures ...... J. S.C. Abbott ........ Dashing Paul Jones .... Frank Sheridan ........ David McKay - David Crockett, Scout..Allen ................. Famous Indian Chiefs..O.W. Howard ........ Century Co. First Across the Con- tinent ............. N. Brooks ............ H a n dy Parliamentary Digitized byGOO?[C Rules ........ ....... Craig ................. Hinds, Noble & Co.'i$88 Appendix Heroes of the Polar Seas. J. K. Maclean ......... Lippincott How George Rogers Clark won the North- ?[?

west ................ R. G. Thwaites ........ 

Incentives /or Life ..... J. W. Ludlow ......... Revell Co. Indian Boyhood ....... Easfmsn .' ............. ' Indian Fights and Fighters ............ Brady .................. Indian Story and Soug. Fletche x ... ............ Letters to American Life of David Crockett E. S. Ellis ............ Life of John GutenbergEmily 'C; 'Pearson ...... Hurst & Co. Life Questions Of High School Boys ......... JeRks ................. Association Press Living Races of Man- kind, Vol IV and V..Th6 lfnii, brsity Society. Loyalty ............... J. G. R. McCleeve ..... Revell Co. Lure of the Labrador ......... Wild ............... Wallace ............... Northland Heroes ..... Florence Holbrook ...... Houghton Mifflin Co. Old Santa Ft Trail .... H. Ihman ............ Pony Tracks .......... F. Remington ......... Punishment of the Stingy .............. Grinnell .............. pushing to the Front.. Marden ............... Romance of Early Ex- ploration ............ Williams .............. Seeley Co. Serf-Help ............. Smiles ................ Some Merry Adven- tures of Robin Hood. Pyle .................. Scribner's Story of a Scout ....... Finnemore ............. Starting in Life ........ Fowler. ................ Story of the Indian .... Grinnell .............. Success ................ O. S. Marden ......... Successful Careers ...... Thayer ............... Crowell Co. The American Shotgun. Askins ................ Outing Pub. Co. The Children's Life of Lincoln ............. M. Louise Putnam ..... McClurg Co. The Blazed Trail ..... White ................ The Boy General ...... Mrs. E. B. Custer'. .... The Boy on a Farm at Work and at Play...Jacob Abbott .......... American Book Co. 'the Heart of the An- cient Wood .......... C. G. D. Roberts ...... WesseN Co. The Romance of Polar Exploration ......... G. F. Scott ........... Seeley & Co. The Seven Ages of Washington .......... Owe? Wist?r .......... Grosset & I?mlm 2 The Way of an Indian. F. Retainer, ton ......... b'I'OR.I?S I?OR ?COWI'g Adrift on an Icepan .... W. T. Grenfell ........ ,? ? American Life and Ad- Digitized by.?'?008[C ve?ture ............. Eggleston ............. A?erican Book Co.Appendix 389 Arizoaa Nights ........ S. E. White ........... Around the World with the Battleships ...... Miller ................. McClurg Co. Backwoodsmen ......... D. Roberts ........... Black Rock ........... Gordon (Ralph Connor, pseud) .............. Bob Burton ........... Horatio Alger, Jr ....... Winston Co. Bar B. Boys or the Young Cow Punchers. EdV? S. Sabin ........ Crower Co. Battling for Atlanta .... Byron A. Dunn ........ McClurg Co. Boys of Other Coun- tries ................ Taylor ................ Putnam's Sons Boy Trappers .......... Harry Casfieman ....... Hurst & Co. Camping on the St. Lawrence ............ E. T. Tomlin.?on ..... Cattle Brands ......... A. Adams ............. Cattle Ranch to College. Russell Doubleday ..... Chilhowee Boys ........ Morrison .............. Crowell Co. Chilhowee Boys in Harness ............. Sarah E. Morrison ..... Crowell Co. Chilhowee Boys in War Times ............ Sarah E. Morrison ..... Crowell Co. Cast up by the Sea .... Sir Samuel W. Baker..Hurst & Co. Cruise of the Canoe Club .............. W. L. Alden .......... Cruise of the Ghost .... " Dale and Fraser, Sheep- men ................ S. F. Hamp ........... Dashing Paul Jones .... Sheridan. .............. David McKay Dare Boys of x776 ..... Stephen Angus Co ...... A. L. Chatterton Co. Dorymates ............ C. R. Monroe ......... Forest Runners ........ Altsheler .............. For Freedora's Cause...T.C. Harbauch ....... David McKay Fox Hunting .......... C. A. Stephens ........ Hurst & Co. Frank in the Woods...Castleman ?'. .......... Hurst & Co. Freckles .............. Porter ................ Grosset & Dunlap. From Atlanta to the Sea ................. Byron A. Dunn ........ A. C. McClurg Co. Front/er Boys' on the Overland Trail ....... W yn. Roosevelt ........ Chatter/oh CO. General Nelson's Scout. Byron. A. Dunn.... ..... A. C. McClurg Huckleberry Finn ...... Twain ................. Hans Brinker of the Silver Skates ........ Mary Mapes Dodge. . Grossei & Dunlap, In the Clouds for, Uncle Sam ................ Ashton Lamar ..... ReilIy& Britt0n Ivanhoe .............. Scott ................. Jack Among the Ind/ans. G. B. Grinnell ......... Kim .................. Y?l?]ing.... -. ........... Kidnapped ............ Stevenson .............. Knights Who Fought the Dragon .......... Ed .win Leslie .......... Sunday School Times Co. Larry Deeter's Great ..... Search .............. H.oward R. Gads ...... t?rosset & Dunlap Little Metacomet ...... He?ckiah Butterworth..Crowell Co.39 Appendix Little Smoke .......... W. O. Stoddard ....... Log of a Cowboy ...... A. Adams ............. Luke Walton .......... Horatio Alger, Jr ....... Winston Co. NIarehlng Against the... Iroquois ............ Everett T. Tomlinson.. Marion and His Men..John De Morgan ...... David McKay Master of the Strong Hearts .............. E. S. Brooks .......... Off the Rocks ......... Grenfell ............... S.S. Times On the Indian Trail ..... Egerton R. Young ...... Revell Co. On the Old Kearsarge.. Cyrus Townsend Brody. Scribners On Genera? Thomas's Staff ............... Byron A. Dunn ........ McClurg Paul Revere .......... John De Morgan ...... David McKay Peggy Owen ......... Lucy Foster Madison..Perm Pub. Co. Raiding with Morgan...Byron A. Dunn ........ McClurg Range and Trail or thl, ... Bar B's Great Drive. Edwin.L. Sabin ........ T. Y. Crowell Co. Rip Van Winkle ....... Washington Irving ..... Burse & Hopkins Robinson Crusoe ....... Defoe ................ Houghton Mifflin Co. Silent Pia?es ........... S. E. White ........... Stories of the Good Green Wood ......... C. Hawkes ............ Crowell Co. Story o? Sormy Sahib .. S. J. Duncan ........... Sheridan's Troopers on the Borders .......... De B. Randolph Keim. David McKay Sir Paul .............. Jam? M. Ludlow ...... Revell Co. Stories from Life ....... Orison Swett Marden..American Book Co. Struggling Upward ..... Alger, Jr .............. Winsted Co. Swiss Family Robinson.J.D. Wyss ............ Talking Leaves ........ W. O. Stoddard ....... Tan and Freckles ...... C. L. Bryson ......... Revell Co. Ten Years Before the Mast ............... Dana, Jr ............. Houghton Mifflin Co. The Air Ship Boys ..... Sayler ................. Reilly & Britton The Boy Aviators in Nicaragua ........... Wilbur Lawton ......... Hurst & Co. The Boy Aviators in Alric? .............. Wilbur Lawton ........ Hurst & CO. The Boy Aviators' Polar Dash ............... Wilbur Lawton ........ Hurst & Co. The Boy Aviatom in Record Flight ........ Wilbur Lawton ........ Hurst & Co. The Boy Aviators in Secret Service ....... Wilbur Lawton ........ Hurst & Co. The Boy Aviators' Treasure Quest ...... Wilbur Lawton ........ Hurst & Co. The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska... F. Akes .............. Reilly & Britton The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama.. F. Akes .............. Reilly & Brltton The Hill .............. Horace A. Vachell .... Dodd? Mead & Co. The Pilot ............. Co?,,per ............... The Pioneers .......................... The Spy ............. ". ................

Washington's Young Spy	T. C. Harbauch	David McKay
Waste Not Want Not Stories	Clifton Johnson	American Book Co.
With Fighting Jack Berry	John T. McIntyre	Lippincott
With Flintlock and Fife.	Everett T. Tomlinson	Grosset & Dunlap
With Sully Into the Sioux Land	Joseph Mills Hansen	McClurg
Wolf Hunters	Joseph Oliver Curwood	Bobbs, Merrill Co.
Work and Win	Edward S. Ellis	A. L. Burt Co.

THE END

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